1. Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages 439-444 (December 2018)
Does loss of hormonal receptors influence the pathophysiological characteristics of the HER-2 breast cancer phenotype? 
Rabab Ahmed Ahmed Mohammed, Moustafa EzEldien M. Radwan, Bashayer Marzoog Alrufayi, Linah Abdulsamad Qari Abdulaziz 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages (December 2018)
DOI: /j.pathophys
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
A tumour tissue core from an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, of NOS "not otherwise specified" type, grade III stained with H&E, Anti-HER-2 Ab, anti-ER Ab and with Anti-PR Ab respectively. The tumour is of HER-2 type and is positive for ER and for PR. Magnification is x40 for images in the upper panel and is x200 for images in the lower panel.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Schematic demonstration for the cross talk between ER and HER-2. HER-2 activation has two major downstream signaling pathways; PI3K/AKT pathway and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Estrogen diffuse inside the cell, bind its ER in the cytoplasm that get activated. Activated ER is translocated inside the nucleus where it binds the estrogen response elements in its target genes increasing their transcription. Such genes include growth factor ligands and membranous tyrosine kinase that in turn enhance the signaling pathway of HER-2. Activated ERK from the HER-2 pathway activates transcription activity of ER on one side, it enhance coupling of CDk4/6 and CDK2 and their activation pushing the progression of the cell cycle. Activated AKT also sequestrate activated ER in the cytoplasm augmenting its activity.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions