1. Privacy Preservation and Protection Scheme over ALARM on Geographical routing B. Muthusenthil, S. Murugavalli
Results
The PPS is geographical routing protocol, which sends the packets to destination by identifying nearest node which is close to destination. Detailed simulation parameters are provided in Table 1.
In this experiment, we vary the node with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100. From Figure 2, this paper compares the performance metrics with ALARM with PPS. We have studied the performance of the ALARM protocol in terms of delay, Packets, Energy, throughput and loss caused by variation in nodes. When the data packets and control are sent from the source node, these packets are forwarded further towards destination by neighbouring nodes or intermediate nodes between the source and destination. Overall performance metrics showed that the proposed scheme provides better security.
Discussion
In ALARM the security depends on group signature scheme, consisting of group manager (GM) which is responsible for opening the contested group signature and determining the signer. It concatenates the message with timestamp and location Id, which lead to delay while delivering the message. In this case, the member in the group itself may act as a attacker and misbehave inside the group.
 In proposed PPS the digital signature clearly gives the authority verification sign ,that avoid trustworthiness. The symmetric key is used at the final stage to share their message after encrypting and decrypting the message. Based on the RSA and hash function the Hello message is send from source to destination .The CA verify each node in the cluster and cluster head act a as CA and others are monitored by the CA. This avoid mischievous behaviour inside and outside the cluster.
 In this experiment, we vary the node 20, 40, 60, 80,100. This paper compare the performance metrics with alarm protocol our proposed scheme provides better security. .
Introduction
A location aided cluster based energy-efficient routing (LACBER) is proposed to applicable in GPS Scarce network which turns out to be efficient in lowering mean hop count and limited energy of mobile nodes. ALARM uses the current locations of nodes to securely disseminate and forward data. With the aid of advanced cryptographic techniques, ALARM provides both security and privacy features, including node authentication, data integrity, anonymity, and intractability. It provides privacy and security in MANET routing  
In this paper, we propose the privacy prevention and protection scheme data transmission and the simulation results prove better protection than other routing protocols.
Method
We propose a preservation and protection scheme (PPS) over LBR in MANET. In this technique, the cluster consists of cluster head (CH), and cluster members. Cluster head is chosen based on the cluster head election algorithm and a node which serves as intermediate for inter-cluster communication is called gateway. Remaining members are called ordinary nodes or cluster members. In Vote-based clustering (VC) algorithm, CH elections are based not purely on location, but also on the battery power level of MHs. The cluster formation is based on the periodic broadcast of 'Hello' signalling messages. Finally in order to protect the information over LBR, the group signature along with RSA algorithm is executed.
Clustering architecture
We consider that the deployed network contains two types of nodes such as NG and NA. NG nodes are enabled with GPS, which goes to sleep or wake-up mode periodically to save energy. NA is equipped with antennas and it has capacity to receive signals from other cluster members and to measure received signal strength (RSSI) and angle of arrival (AOA) of received signal from other cluster members. In addition, NA finds its location using NG nodes.
Privacy preservation and protection scheme
Conclusion
Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-organizing multi hop system of wireless nodes that communicate with each other without pre-existing infrastructure. Routing and security is an major issue in MANET due to dynamic network topology. In this paper , PPS scheme over location based routing in MANET is proposed. The Cluster head is chosen by weight based cluster algorithm, which is estimated on degree difference. Privacy preservation scheme is achieved by deploying personal keys for location information access. A modified geographical routing protocol with privacy awareness features is introduced. Security mechanism like digital signature is designed to protect the genuineness of location information and prevent it from malicious attacks. By our simulation results using NS2 simulator, we have shown that the proposed technique provides better security in MANET over geographical routing than ALARM.
References
1. Karim El Defrawy and Gene Tsudik,"ALARM: Anonymous Location-Aided Routing in Suspicious MANETs", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2012,pp
2. Krishna P. N. Puttaswamy and Shiyuan Wang and Troy Steinbauer and Divyakant Agrawal and Amr El Abbadi and Christopher Kruegel and Ben Y. Zhao, “Preserving Location Privacy in Geosocial Applications ",IEEE Trans on Mobile Computing,2014,pp U.