1. Outcome 4 At the end of this session you will:
Understand the impact of change on improving an individual’s health and well-being, by being able to:
Give an example of behaviour change that can improve an individual’s health and well-being
Outline how individuals can be encouraged to change their behaviour
Identify positive and negative influences on behaviour change

2. How behaviour change can improve an individual’s health and well being
Social psychology states that people’s behaviour is partly determined by their attitude to a certain behaviour
Attitude, belief and motivation come from a person’s values, drives and instincts, and society influences 2

3. Behaviour Change Theory
Beliefs are based on the information a person has about something
Values are acquired through social interaction and are usually emotionally based on what a person thinks is important
Attitudes are more specific and describe secure feelings about certain issues although there is not a clear link between attitude and behaviour 3

4. Behaviour Change - Theory models
Theory models describe behaviour change
the main ones being:
Theory of Planned Behaviour and Reasoned Action
The Stages of Change Model
The Health Belief Model 4

5. Reasoned Action
One’s attitude can lead to an intention to act or not to act
This intention may or may not lead to a particular behaviour
The model (The theory of Reasoned Action) was developed to show this process 5

6. A model of the process Belief toward an outcome Attitude
Evaluation of the outcome
Intention Behaviour
Beliefs of what others think Motivation to
comply with others
What the experts think
Adapted from Understanding Attitude and Predicting Human Behaviour Ajzen and Fishbein Prentice Hall

7. Benefits of increasing physical activity
Reduce risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity
Reduce some of the effects of ageing
Joints, tendons and ligaments will be more flexible
Help maintain a healthy weight
Help relieve stress & anxiety
Increase energy and endurance levels

8. Benefits of drinking less alcohol
Reduce risk of heart disease and cancer
Less likely to have an accident
Liver more able to recover and repair damage
Save money
Increase energy and concentration
Less likely to embarrass self or upset friends & family

9. Benefits of giving up smoking
Reduce risks of lung and heart disease
Reduce risk of cancer
Reduce breathlessness
Save money
Clothes and breath will smell better
Sense of taste will improve
Skin will look better
Likely to live longer

10. Benefits of eating healthily
Reduce risk of heart disease and high blood pressure
Reduce risk of cancer
Have more energy
Might be ill less often
Might lose weight
Will have improved bowel health
Skin, nails and hair will look more healthy

11. Self confidence & Self efficacy
Self confidence is having confidence in oneself in achieving a certain chosen course of action
Self efficacy is the belief that one is capable of performing in a certain manner to attain certain goals

12. Goal setting
Goal setting theory states that individuals make calculated decisions about their desired goals
Once individuals determine the goals they intend to achieve, these goals and intentions direct and motivate their efforts to achieve them
Therefore, setting goals can affect the behaviour of the individuals 12

13. Where are we starting?
Before setting any goals we need information about the person:
We need to record this
There are a number of forms available
It provides information to monitor progress and the final outcome
It provides evidence of what has been achieved

14. How individuals can be encouraged to change their behaviour - goal setting
Participation in goal setting and accepting the goals are needed - to gain commitment to the task or goal
Receiving feedback on goal achievement - important for motivation
Goals motivate people - to produce the effort necessary to meet task demands and persist over time 14

15. Goal setting
Goals direct individuals' attention to relevant task features, behaviours to be performed, and potential outcomes
Goals can affect how people process information
Goals help people focus on the task, select and apply appropriate strategies, and monitor goal progress 15

16. SMART Principles
When the person has decided what health behaviour they want to change, they need to set a goal in order to change their behaviour
Your role is to help the individual set a simple goal, written down clearly and likely to be achieved
Goals should be SMART 16

17. SMART means……… Specific
Some goals can be vague and difficult to measure
It is important to set goals that are clear and precise
Measurable
Making the goal specific means that it should be easy to measure /quantify progress or goal achievement
Achievable
Set goals that are within the person’s reach
Failing to achieve a goal can have a negative effect on their motivation to work towards their goal

18. SMART means……… Relevant
Does the person think/is the goal is relevant to them?
Timely
Is this goal the right thing for them to try to achieve right now?
If so, set a time frame in which the goal can be achieved
If you don’t set a target date for the completion of the goal, it could go on and on without the person ever achieving it

19. Positive and negative influences on behaviour change
If the goal is achieved
Set a new, slightly more difficult goal, or stay with what has been achieved to ensure progress is maintained
If the goal is not achieved
Focus positively on what has been achieved
Reduce or change the goal with the individual
Take joint responsibility for having set the goal too high
Encourage the person to learn from any problems or set-backs they experienced

20. Positive and negative influences on behaviour change
If the goal is partly achieved
Focus on what the person did achieve
Build on success
Decide on what needs to change to be successful next time
Were there any barriers and situations which prevented it being successful?
Find ways of moving forward
Is extra help needed from other people?

21. Positive and negative influences on behaviour change
Reward people
Find out what would be a valued reward for the person achieving a goal
It does not need to cost money
Think of some things they might like as a suitable reward
The person needs to choose but at least you will have some suggestions to help them decide what reward they want