1. Pathetic Fallacy
any representation of inanimate natural objects that ascribes to them human capabilities, sensations, and emotions (Modern Painters, Vol. 3, chapter 12).

2. Such a description does not represent the “true appearances of things to us” but “extraordinary, or false appearances, [produced] when we are under the influence of emotion.”
~ Ruskin

3. “They rowed her in across the rolling foam—
The cruel, crawling foam.”
The foam is not cruel, neither does it crawl. The state of mind which attributes to it these characters of a living creature is one in which the reason is unhinged by grief. All violent feelings have the same effect. They produce in us a falseness in all our impressions of external things, which I would generally characterize as the “pathetic fallacy.”
~ John Ruskin (1856)

4. “The spendthrift crocus, bursting through the mould
Naked and shivering, with his cup of gold.”

5. “The one red leaf, the last of its clan,
Coleridge’s description in “Christabel” of …
“The one red leaf, the last of its clan,
That dances as often as dance it can.”

6. Distinguished from personification by being
less formal.
more direct.