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Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior II.

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1 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior II.
Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups

2 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior

3 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
Information behavior activities a person may engage in when identifying his or her own needs for information searching for such information in any way and using or transferring that information (T.D. Wilson 1999)

4 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
nested model of the information behavior, information-seeking behavior, information searching behavior areas information behavior dimension of information behavior studied methods purposes and application information-seeking behavior information- search behavior

5 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
Information-searching behavior interactions between information-searcher and information-provider limited to the design of information retrieval (IR) systems models of users in interaction with IR systems (Saracevic, Belkin, Ingwersen)

6 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
5 Models of Information-Seeking Behavior Wilson (1981) Dervin (1983, 1996) Ellis (1989); with Cox and Hall (1993) Kuhlthau (1991) Wilson (1996)

7 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
Wilson’s Model of Information behaviour Information user Satisfaction or non-satisfaction Need Information exchange Information use Information-seeking behavior Demands on information systems Demands on other information sources Other people Success Failure Information transfer

8 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
theories are models of methodologies, rather than a model of a set of activities or a situation case studies of information-seeking behavior (empirical component) are driven by theories and models of methodologies

9 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
positivist tradition (1940s to 1970s) Quantitative methods not appropriate for the study of human behavior (counting of number of visits to libraries, number of personal subscriptions to journals, citation practices)

10 Theories of Information-Seeking Behavior
post-positivist tradition (from the early 1970s) Qualitative methods appropriate for the study of human behavior (from allied work in related areas that have built robust theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches) emergence of general models of information behavior in the last years)

11 An Integrated Model of Information-Seeking Behaviors
iterative model of information-seeking behavior (series of interactions, learning process by the user, implications for design of IR systems) two-step flow of communication model and the notion of the “gatekeeper” informal transfer of information between individuals (information exchanges)

12 An Integrated Model of Information-Seeking Behaviors
uncertainty vs. relevance as focus

13 Information-Gathering Process by
II. Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups

14 Information-Gathering by Selected Groups
(information needs of four professional groups) Decision-makers Problem-solvers People-centered Self-expression

15 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
politicians, public administrators, judges, managers, supervisors, business people, institution presidents scientists, researchers, engineers, architects, philosophers, planners, statisticians, economists, computer programmers Decision-makers Problem-solvers

16 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
People-centered doctors, lawyers, police, firefighters, clergy, information specialists, social workers, teachers actors, musicians, authors, sculptors, composers, photographers, decorators Self-expression

17 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
sample questions each group might ask What must I know about a subject? What could I know about a subject? What should I know about a subject? What would I like to know about a subject?

18 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
information need /goal task oriented goal-oriented people-oriented expression-oriented Decision-makers Problem-solvers People-centered Self-expression

19 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
information modes /resources human-human and human-machine interaction aggregated / synthesized / capsulated indicators / trends “smoothed out” to eliminate aberrations assistants and other surrogates Decision-makers

20 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
information modes /resources human-human and human-machine interaction factual / quantitative / detailed / specific observations and measurements (data) browsing documents and literature Problem-solvers

21 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
information modes /resources human-human and human-machine interaction “who to see,” “where to go,” “when to do” coping standards and guidelines / laws, rules, regulations “how to use,” “where to find” People-centered

22 Information Needs of Four Professional Groups
information modes /resources human-human and human-machine interaction travel / visits dreams observations impressions Self-expression

23 Implications for Information Service, IR System Development
forms of delivery resources role of information professionals (intermediaries) and end-users R.T. Morris: Toward a User-Centered Information Service. JASIS 45 (1) 1994

24 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
conceptual models about information held in a subject domain, by a group of users user studies focus on information-seeking behaviors of distinct professional groups because these differences among various user populations determine how they organize information for retrieval

25 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
personal information systems (individual’s information handling) public schemes (depend on convention)

26 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
user’s motivation in storage and retrieval of text is important in how personal information space is organized

27 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS longitudinal study of a securities’ analyst process of information seeking and decision making are intertwined and in recursive interaction Carol Kuhlthau: The Role of Experience in the Information Search Process of an Early Career Information Worker: Perceptions of Uncertainty, Complexity, Construction, and Sources. JASIS 50(5) 1999

28 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS study of sources of information used, and of the process of seeking information sources: information about events and relationships in a company’s outside environment the knowledge of which would assist top management in its task of charting the company’s future action

29 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS categories of sources External Personal External Impersonal Internal Personal Internal Impersonal

30 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS EP (customers, competitors, government officers, business associates) EI (newspapers, periodicals, broadcast media, conferences, industry and trade association publications and communication) IP (superiors, board members, subordinate managers, staff) II (internal memos, reports and studies, corporate library, and electronic sources)

31 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS classification of sources (Baldwin and Rice 1997) Internal Channels External Channels Institutional Resources

32 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS Internal Channels (newspapers read, magazines read, personal files maintained, and other securities analysts consulted) External Channels (company contacts, visits to companies, annual meetings/trade shows, research report recipients) Institutional Resources (use of external and internal libraries)

33 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS environmental scanning viewing nonspecific information seeking undirected or conditional searching problem-driven information seeking informal or formal

34 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS environmental scanning viewing undirected (casual exposure to information) conditional (purposeful but nonspecific such as browsing a newspaper) searching informal (unstructured, cursory check of current facts or data) formal (structured and in-depth, directed to a specific problem)

35 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
INFORMATION WORKERS / MANAGERS complex tasks require more varied sources than routine tasks, diversified approaches to information seeking, interpretation and construction of information, and result in increased uncertainty and anxiety

36 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS Case designs a study of information systems of historians (teachers and researchers and observes the patterns of behavior with regard to: spatial organization, organization by form, organization by topic) Donald Case: Conceptual Organization and Retrieval of Text by Historians: The Role of Memory and Metaphor. JASIS 42(9) 1991

37 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS method of research: participant-observation, interviews personal ISAR systems of historians (spatial logic of PIS focuses on offices, how they organize piles of documents, what media they use, how they process information from the information sources)

38 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS medium (determines form in which information is found) labels and meanings (are culturally determined; how users impose meaning on text; how do they develop labels for categories of documents) how they recall and retrieve these documents at later time

39 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS spatial organization keep like things together and close at hand (reminding function) organization by form aesthetics as sorting criterion, form over content (oversized, paperbound, old/new)

40 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS organization by topic keep like things together and close at hand (reminding function) organization by treatment, purpose, quality purpose as sorting criterion (good and bad books, textbooks and research books, etc.)

41 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS spatial organization number of filing cabinet drawers and other storage devices, linear footage of books, journals and notebooks in offices and how arranged number of stacks of material lying around the office (19-49) -- physical scheme of organization, not categorical! sometimes used spatial orientation and other times space in combination with specific labels

42 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS subjects’ decisions on how to organize documents is individual not based on document characteristics (Kwasnik: order of importance determined by context, form, use, topic, location, circumstance) levels of information storage determine organization of documents: action, personal work files, archive examples of movement in these 3 levels: once a semester we clean up our working spaces to be able to reuse information not needed now)

43 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS metaphorical use of space: proximity to the chair denotes urgency spatial clues -- interaction needed to remember and recall (appropriate only for immediate action, reminder of what to do) weakens as interaction with documents decreases

44 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS problems with retrieval in systems organized around space (losing files, misplacing information, need to rely on memory for recall) memorizing possible through visualization of details (facts in physical structures) spatial logic of elements is less vital while knowledge of category structures becomes more important as information is moved from action, personal working files, to archived files

45 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS crowding does not hinder but improve cognitive recall (although historians apologized for their offices being untidy); arrangement otherwise would destroy links and patterns and associations that are mnemonic card is a powerful metaphor for historians who are trained to collect information in card-like chunks (conceptual nature of the card as unit of information, a single, multiple instance of ideas, evidence, question, quotation, document)

46 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS organization by topic sporadic efforts to build and maintain indexing / elaborate filing systems which are abandoned labeling is difficult because tied to physical object (objects fall into more categories) -- need to produce a card system that would be access to the location of items which are in different formats or make duplicates (impractical to index that way)

47 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS organization by topic reasons for abandoning filing systems is that indexing in paper-and-pencil environment entails high costs for the benefits received in later retrieval indexing card system used by historians: systems to aid writing (detailed chronologies in case of historians), keeping track of literature

48 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS implications of findings How to implement spatial dimensions in computer interface and to enrich temporal and physical retrieval cues for electronic files? Evidence of inadequacy of existing display and manipulation devices for historians.

49 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
HISTORIANS implications of findings for system development 1. Thoughts / ideas are knowledge spaces in search of a physical location for storage 2. Historians use chronological and geographical facets for information rather than standard vocabulary for topics (display devices needed: maps, chronological) 3. Tactile associations with the material (sensory gloves for document manipulation)

50 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
ARTISTS method of research: in-depth interviews with 4 artists (sculptor, painter, fiber artists, metalsmith) neglected group of information professionals Susie Cobbledick: The Information-Seeking Behavior of Artists: Exploratory Interviews. Library Quarterly 66(4) 1994

51 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
ARTISTS findings artists make substantial use of libraries and print materials much of this material is not art related they typically find this material by browsing within specific subject areas they make substantial use of interpersonal sources to obtain technical information and information about developments in the local art scene

52 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
ARTISTS sources inspirational information (sources of ideas, moods, emotions, general or suggestive visual information) technical information information about current developments in the visual arts shows, commissions, and sales technology, books

53 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
ARTISTS findings survey instrument designed to aid data collection from this group

54 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
ARTISTS Implications for building libraries for artists libraries for artists need to be heavy on print materials whose verbal and visual content covers a wide array of topics without an undue emphasis on art portability of materials is important (need to take visual information to the studio) high-quality photocopying should be available on the premises, and material should be circulating; access to hardware and software for multiplication

55 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
ARTISTS Implications for building libraries for artists size of the collection: small but concentrated sources: technical manuals, visual arts journals, art monographs MARC records should be enhanced to include information about illustrations development of visual databanks

56 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
SCIENTISTS foraging theory P. Sandstrom: An Optimal Foraging Approach to Information Seeking and Use. Library Quarterly 64(4) 1994

57 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
SOCIAL GROUP: AFR0-AMERICANS disadvantaged groups and communities John Agada: Inner-City Gatekeepers: An Exploratory Survey of Their Information Use Environments. JASIS 1999

58 Information-Gathering Process by Selected Groups
DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES domain analysis --social aspects of information-seeking process B. Hjoerland and H. Albrechtsen: Toward a New Horizon in Information Science: Domain-Analysis. JASIS 46(6) 1995


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