1. Unit 3 - Genetics

3. Genetics – Deals with the principles of variation and inheritance
Heredity – the passing of genetic characteristics from one generation to the next (ex: Hair/eye colour)

4. Traits – distinguishing characteristics which makes individuals unique

5. Gene – a specific part of DNA, that makes a certain trait (ex: eye color).
Allele – two alleles makes one gene. You get one allele from your mom and one from your dad.

7. Mendel studied seven pairs of contrasting traits as follows:
Crash Course Biology Video - Heredity

8. P generation – the parent generation
F1 generation – the first filial generation; offspring from a cross of the P generation
F2 generation - the second filial generation; offspring from a cross of the F1 generation

10. Dominant – this allele is always expressed.
We use a capital letter to write a dominant allele.
Recessive – this allele is hidden, unless there is no dominant allele present.
We use a lowercase letter to write a recessive allele.

11. Video: Are Your Traits Dominant?

12. Heterozygous – two different alleles
Heterozygous – two different alleles. One is dominant and the other is recessive.
Ex: Aa
Homozygous – two alleles that are identical. Either two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles.
Ex: AA or aa

14. Purebred – descended from ancestors of a distinct type or breed
Purebred – descended from ancestors of a distinct type or breed. All purebreds share similar traits.

15. Hybrid – an organism heterozygous for a trait. Ex: Aa
Lion + Tiger = Liger

16. Phenotype – the physical traits of an organism
Ex: the color of your eyes

17. Genotype – the genetic make-up of an organism
Genotype – the genetic make-up of an organism. Indicated by letters in a Punnett square.
Ex: AA Aa aa

18. Punnett Square – a grid used to show all combinations of gametes inherited from a set of parents

19. Monohybrid Cross – a cross of ONE trait

20. Dihybrid cross – a cross of TWO traits

21. Product Rule - the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities of occurring alone

22. Who is Gregor Mendel? An Austrian Monk Studied Mathematics and Botany
Pioneer in the study of Genetics and Heredity

23. Video: How Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics

24. Turn to page 4 in Booklet

25. Mendel’s First Cross (P1 Cross)
Mendel crossed
(P): Pure tall (TT) x pure dwarf (tt)
The result
(F1 ): All offspring were tall (Tt)

26. But these were not pure tall, because each parent had a different trait for stem height. Instead, these offspring are referred to as hybrids or hybrid tall.
If there is at least ONE dominant allele, they would have the dominant trait (A capital letter is used to represent dominant. Ex: T
In order to show the recessive trait, you must have TWO recessive alleles. The dominant allele will mask or prevent the expression of the recessive allele. (A lowercase letter is used to represent recessive. Ex: t)

27. Law of Segregation
After his initial experiment, Mendel allowed the hybrid F1 plants to self pollinate, producing the second filial generation (F2 generation)
Observed a 3:1 ratio of tall:short plants. Why did this happen?

28. Law of Segregation Mendel made 4 conclusions:
Each parent in the F1 generation starts with 2 hereditary factors, one dominant and one recessive
Only one factor from each parent is contributed to the offspring
Each offspring inherits one factor from each parent. If the dominant factor is present, it will be expressed even if the recessive factor is also present
The recessive factor will be expressed if only recessive factors are present

29. Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation – hereditary traits are determined by pairs of alleles from each parent. These alleles separate during gamete formation, giving each offspring only one allele from each parent.

30. Law of Segregation

31. Law of Segregation
What are these “factors” which Mendel described? We know them today as Genes: the part of the chromosome that governs the expression of a particular trait
Each gene can occur in alternate forms called alleles. Remember the principle of dominance: a dominant allele may prevent the expression of the recessive allele.

32. Law of Segregation
Mendel’s “factors” are inherited as independent units. They are referred to as unit characters
Unit Theory is a term describing Mendel’s “factors” of inheritance (genes), which are inherited as independent units.
When two alleles at the same gene locus are identical, the individual is said to be homozygous
When two alleles at the same gene locus differ, the individual is said to be heterozygous

33. Genetics and Probability
Heads or Tails?
In groups of 3 or 4, complete the Probability activity worksheet

34. Genetics and Probability
Probability – the chance, or likelihood, of a particular outcome
Product Rule – the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities of occurring alone

35. Punnett Squares
Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross.

36. Punnett Squares
Dominant Alleles are usually represented by an upper case letter (eg. Purple plant (R))
Recessive Alleles are usually represented by a lower case letter (eg. White plant (r))

37. Punnett Squares Homozygous or Heterozygous? Dominant or Recessive? RR

38. Punnett Squares What is the phenotypic ratio of this cross?
In other words, what is the ratio of purple:white plants?
Phenotype – The appearance of the trait in an organism

39. Punnett Squares What is the genotypic ratio of this cross?
In other words, what is the ratio of homozygous dominant :heterozygous : homozygous recessive (RR:Rr:rr)?
Genotype – The genetic make-up of an organism

40. Punnett Squares
Complete Dominance – a type of inheritance where both heterozygotes and dominant homozygotes share the same phenotype

41. Determining Genotypes
Test Cross – Crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual. Used to determine if an individual expressing a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous
Alaskan Malamute example

42. Complex Inheritance Patterns
Mendel’s 2nd Experiment
Does the inheritance of one trait influence the inheritance of a different trait? (eg. Does pea shape influence pea colour?)
Mendel produced purebred pea plants: Round Yellow plants (RY) and Wrinkled Green plants (ry)
Performed a Dihybrid Cross  a cross of two individuals that differ in two traits (pea shape/colour)

43. Dihybrid Cross

44. Law of Independent Assortment
The inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait
New combinations of alleles that are not present in either parent

45. Incomplete Dominance
Not all traits are completely dominant or recessive
Incomplete Dominance - The blending of the traits of two different alleles at one gene locus that occurs when neither allele is dominant
Eg. White and Red snapdragons are homozygous; Pink snapdragons are heterozygous

46. Incomplete Dominance

47. Co-Dominance
Similar to incomplete dominance  there is a third phenotype, no definitive dominant or recessive allele
When both alleles of a gene locus are expressed equally (co-dominate), this type of inheritance is known as Co-Dominance

48. Co-Dominance