1. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Midterm Review
Overview of
Anatomy & Physiology

2. Levels of Organization

3. Life Functions Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth
All chemical reactions within the body
Responsiveness
The ability to sense change in an environment and react to it
Movement
All activities accomplished by the muscular system
Growth
Increase in size, by increasing the number of cells
Differentiation
Cells become specialized
Reproduction
Production of offspring

4. Types of Feedback
Negative Feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition
Positive Feedback reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition

5. Feedback System Feedback System Components Receptor Control Center
Monitors changes, sends input to a control center
Ex: temperature-sensing nerve endings in skin
Control Center
Sets the range of acceptable values for a body condition, generates output to effector
Ex: brain
Effector
Receives output and generates a response
Ex: skeletal muscles

6. Directional Terms Deep Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial
Lateral
Intermediate
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Distal
Proximal
Superficial
Deep

7. Anatomical Planes Sagittal Midsagittal/Median Frontal/Coronal
Divides the body into right/left
Midsagittal/Median
Divides the body into equal right/left
Frontal/Coronal
Divides the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back)
Transverse/Cross
Divides the body into superior (head) & inferior (feet)

8. Body Regions

9. Body Cavities:
Spaces within the body which contain vital organs

10. Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions

11. Midterm Review
Integumentary System

12. FUNCTIONS Protects against injury and infection Removes waste
Regulates body temperature
Sense of touch
Collagen ridges give us our fingerprints
Integumentary System Includes:
skin, glands, hair, and nails

13. 3 LAYERS OF THE SKIN Epidermis (stratified squamous)
Corn, Leaves Grow So Big!
Dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)
Papillary and Reticular Layers
Subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis (adipose tissue)
often not considered part of the skin

14. How does the skin do it?
Cells in the stratum basale are constantly undergoing cell division and the new cells are pushed upward, away from the blood supply of the dermis to become part of the layers that are closer to the skin’s surface.
As the cells move upward toward stratum corneum they start to die off and become flatter.
These cells have more protective keratin in them.
Process is call keratinization

15. 3 Protective Functions of Hair
Protection for the head
Shields the eyes
Helps to keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tract
Another function of hair: insulation

16. Nails A nail is a scale-like modification of the epidermis
Like claws or hooves

17. Glands Two major types in the skin: Sebaceous glands = oil glands
Sudoriferous glands = sweat glands

18. CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS

19. ABCDE Rule
Used to examine spot of high pigment or moles  Early detection of skin cancer!
A asymmetry two sides do not look the same
B border irregularity indentations are visible – not smooth
C color blacks, tans, browns – sometimes reds and blues
D diameter larger than the size of a pencil eraser – 6 mm
E evolving changes over time

20. 3 TYPES OF SKIN CANCER:
1) Basal cell carcinoma
Least malignant / most common type.
Cells of the stratum basale are affected
2) Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from the cells of stratum spinosum.
3) malignant melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes.
Often deadly; chance for survival is about 50%.

21. Temperature Regulation
Stimulus:
Temperature Decreases
Condition monitored by
Return to homeostasis:
Increase Temperature
Response:
Shiver
Effectors:
Skeletal Muscles
Receptors:
Thermo-
receptors
Control Center:
Brain
Input
Output

22. Midterm Review
Histology

23. 4 main types of tissue
1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Muscle 4) Nervous

24. Characteristics of Epithelium
Abut
Apical surface
Basement membrane
Avascular
Regenerate

25. Classification of Epithelium:
First name
Simple or Stratified or Pseudostratified
Second name
Squamous or Cuboidal or Columnar

26. Types of Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium

27. Types of Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

28. Connective Tissue Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Vary in blood supply
Have an extracellular MATRIX
Functions of Connective Tissue
Protection of organs
Support of organs
Binds together body tissues

29. Types of Connective Tissue
Loose Connective (areolar)
Adipose
Dense Connective Tissue

30. Types of Connective Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
Bone
Blood

31. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Striated, voluntary, multinucleated
Cardiac Muscle
Striated, involuntary, uninucleated
Smooth Muscle
Non-striated, involuntary, uninucleated

32. Nervous Tissue Description Function Location
Neurons and neuroglia (support cells)
Function
Neurons initiate and transmit nerve impulses to coordinate body activities
Location
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system