1. The 1860 Presidential Election in Missouri

2. Road map The 1860 election in Missouri: teaching opportunities
The European Context
A diverse state: no easy conclusions
Missouri splits the nation in half
Comparisons that work:
Missouri Democrats: moderate, war, peace, copperhead, “States-Rights,” conservative Germans ….
Missouri Republicans: radicals, moderates, former Whigs, anti-Catholic Nativists, German wide-awakes, …
The Election: national contest, local politics

3. Europe, 1848

4. Berlin Uprising, 1848

5. The crisis of democratic revolutions: the “forty-eighters”
Unrest throughout Europe caused the Revolutions of 1848
Middle-class liberals desired greater political participation
Nationalities demanded independence
Conservatives manage to put down rebellions, remain in place; punitive aftermath

6. Missouri: A Diverse People
Before statehood: French, Spanish, Native American residents, as well as Indian and African slaves
1830s: German Catholics from the wine regions
1840s: radical Germans fleeing from political oppression
1840s: Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and famine
About 114,000 slaves
Opposing viewpoints; two thirds were foreign-born

7. Germans in Missouri: wine regions
Augusta
Herrmann
Ozark Highlands
Ozark Mountain
Southeastern Missouri
Central Missouri
Western Missouri

8. Americans move to Missouri
Settlers from the upper south: Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Tennessee
Pro-slavery (though most did not own slaves)
Democrats

9. The Missouri Compromise

10. 1824 Freedom Law
Provided that slaves who had resided in a free territory or state could sue for their liberty
About 300 known suits; at least 2/3 were successful
Most of the successful suits were brought by female plaintiffs
Rachel v. Walker, 1834
Dred and Harriet Scott,

11. Missouri before the war

12. Slavery in Missouri, 1860

13. German Wide-Awakes, 1856

14. The Scott family sues for freedom 1846 - 1857

15. Trouble on the Western Border

16. Panic of 1857
Bank run, 1857
The price of peanuts

17. John Brown,

18. Harper’s Ferry, October 16-18, 1859

19. The Gateway: St. Louis in 1859

20. The Prize: The St. Louis Arsenal,1860

21. Democratic Nominees John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois

22. Constitutional Union Party
John Bell, Tennessee

23. Political Convention Debacle: The Democrats storm out – across the street in Charleston
Charleston, SC, April 23, 1860
Baltimore, MD, June 18, 1860

24. A few Republican Nominees: May 1860, Chicago clockwise: Simon Cameron, Salmon P. Chase, Wm. Henry Seward

25. … and a few more Republican nominees
Edward Bates, MO
Abraham Lincoln, IL

26. Election politics: section and race

27. 1860 cartoon lampooning Democrat party divisions

28. The Democrats were divided into 3 races and 2 parties
The Republicans supported Lincoln because:
He was moderate on slavery
Famed for Lincoln-Douglas debates
Would win Illinois (Western state, important swing state)
The main issue in 1860: the extension of slavery
Lincoln and Republicans barely campaign in the South; do not appear on any southern ballots except border states
Missouri is the only state in the Union to carry all 4 candidates in its slate

29. 1860: Two momentous decisions for Missouri
The Governorship: Claiborne Jackson vs. Gov. Robert Stewart (August 1860) – CFJ was a “Douglas” Democrat, secretly pro-secession
The Presidency: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell (November 1860)

30. Governor Claiborne F. Jackson 1805 - 1862
Runs against Sample Orr, a Constitutional Union candidate
… and against Gov. Hancock Lee Jackson, a Breckenridge Democrat
… and also against James Gardenhire, a Republican

31. Missouri 1860 gubernatorial results
Claiborne Fox Jackson (SAD): 46.9 %
Sample Orr (CU): %
Hancock Lee Jackson: (BD) %
James Gardenhire: (Rep.) %

32. Presidential Running mates

33. 1860 Presidential Election in Missouri Counties

34. 1860 Presidential election results in Missouri, by county

36.   
1860 Election Results
Bell wins three states (Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee)
Breckenridge carried the South
Lincoln carried the Northern states and won the electoral vote, though earning less than 40% of all votes cast: Douglas won two states
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union

39. Causes of the Civil War

40. The Unfinished Capitol, 1861

41. James Buchanan,

43. Inaugural, March 4, 1861
In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it."34  I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

44. Camp Jackson
"Oh! Oh! Oh! Ah! Ah! Ah!—The time of our glory is a-coming.
We yet will see the time, when all of us will shine,
And drive the Hessians from our happy land of Canaan."

45. Walnut Street riot, 1861

46. Two paths to radicalism: Politics and the Home Front
Loyalty Oaths
Forced enrollments
Punitive fines
Exiling dissidents
Democrats: what about a loyal opposition?
The radicals have the floor!
Women have to take over men’s work at home
Dissident women are silenced or exiled
New opportunities for a diverse people