1. Cellular Transport

2. To discuss how nutrients get in and out of a cell, you’ll need to know these words.
Solute: _____________________________________
Solvent: ____________________________________
The substance being dissolved
The substance doing the dissolving
solvent
water
saltwater
solution
salt
solute
In aqueous solutions, the solvent is always water. The cytoplasm in the cell is an aqueous solution.

3. Cell Membrane
All cells are contained within the boundary of a cell membrane. Eukaryotic cells also have organelles on the inside which have their own plasma membranes. These membranes help control which molecules go in and out of the cell and its organelles.

4. Cell Membrane
Membranes are made mostly out of a special lipid molecule known as a phospholipid. These phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer; this means that are two layers of lipids that make up a membrane.

5. Cell Membrane 6. Phospholipids:
Polar heads are hydrophilic - “water loving”
Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic - “water fearing”
Makes membrane “selective” in what crosses

6. Watch the short video over the membrane’s structure.

7. Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, http://learn
Membranes allow cells to communicate with other cells and the outside world. This allows the cells to respond to their environment and each other!

8. Cell Membrane
Membranes also help maintain homeostasis by regulating which molecules come into and out of the cell. Homeostasis refers to a cells ability to maintain a steady state in their constantly changing environment. This is also known as reaching equilibrium.

9. Concentration Gradient
A concentration gradient is caused by the concentration of molecules inside the cell being different from the outside of the cell or just different concentrations throughout a space.
When the concentration is the same throughout a space or across a membrane, homeostasis is achieved.

10. Passive Transport Systems
Facilitated
Diffusion
Diffusion
Osmosis
There are also several processes for moving solutes into and out of the cell without using energy. Any process that allows molecules into and out of the cell without using energy is a form of passive transport.

11. Simple Diffusion
Diffusion is the process of very small solutes moving directly through the membrane. During diffusion, molecules always travel from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

12. Facilitated Diffusion
Some molecules are too large or have an electrical charge and cannot go directly through the membrane. Protein channels and carrier proteins FACILITATE the diffusion of these solutes across the membrane.

13. Watch the short video over Passive Transport.

14. Osmosis
Water is one of the most important molecules in and around cells because of its ability to be a great solvent. The movement of water into and out of cells is known as osmosis. Water will always flow to where there are more solutes to reach osmotic balance (balanced water / solute concentrations).

15. Osmosis
When a cell is in a hypertonic solution, there is a higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell. So water travels out of the cell towards the higher concentration of solutes, the cell shrinks and shrivels!
Images by Zephyr

16. Osmosis
When a cell is in a hypotonic solution, there is a lower concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell. So water travels into the cell towards to the less pure solution and the cell swells and can burst!
Images by Zephyr

17. Osmosis
When a cell is in a isotonic solution, there are the same concentrations of solutes on the inside and outside of the cell. So there is NO net movement of water, and the cell maintains the steady balance of water inside itself.
Images by Zephyr

18. Sodium-Potassium Pump
Active Transport
Active transport is important for moving molecules against their concentration gradient. This means they travel from a low concentration to a high concentration. This is why it requires energy!

19. Watch the short video over Active Transport.

20. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Cells can also engulf molecules from the outside of the cell through the process of endocytosis. A small piece of the membrane is pinched off creating a vesicle with the solutes inside. Since this process requires energy, it is a form of active transport.

21. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Vesicles can also join to the membrane and expel their contents to the outside of the cell. This process is known as exocytosis.
Endo- means inside of
Exo- means outside of

22. Watch the short video over Exocytosis and Endocytosis.