1. BIOLOGY B-4 MOLECULAR GENETICS BIOTECHNOLOGY PART 1
Chapters 12 & 13
B-4: Demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity
(indicators4.1-4,9)

2. NOTES (B-4.2,3) Function of DNA
How does DNA function as the code of life?
Explain the relationship between, chromosomes, DNA, and genes?
What is the difference between sex chromosomes and autosomes?
Why do closely related organisms share similar DNA sequences?
Download Biology HD Cassiopeia Project collection to iTunesU (ipad) and watch video: “Chromosome”

3. Explain the relationship between Chromosomes, DNA, and genes?
Chromatin
DNA

4. DNA = nucleotides
(Code for amino acid)
GENE = segment of DNA
(code for a protein)
CHROMOSOME = long thread of
Tightly coiled DNA (thousands of genes)

5. How does DNA function as the code of life?
DNA is the “blue print” for ALL of an organism’s TRAITS (proteins).
Traits are produced by proteins
DNA = instructions for protein synthesis
Each cell in an organism contains a complete set of chromosomes (all the DNA).
Body cells have 2 sets (23 pairs – 46 total)
1 set from mom – 1 set from dad
Gametes (egg/sperm) have 1 set (23 total)

6. What is the difference between sex chromosomes and autosomes?
Sex chromosomes determine the sex (male or female) of an organism and autosomes are the other pairs
Karyotype:
Picture of chromosomes
Taken during cell division.
(23 pairs – 46 total)
Male: 46XY
Female: 46XX

7. Why do closely related organisms share similar DNA sequences?
Same genes
Same proteins
Same traits

8. Notes (B-4.1) DNA/RNA structure Text Sec 12-2
Identify the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
Identify the 3 parts of a RNA nucleotide
Explain base pairing in DNA & RNA
What are the similarities and differences between DNA & RNA?
Summarize how DNA replication occurs.
Download Biology HD Cassiopeia Project collection to iTunesU (ipad) and watch video: “DNA”

9. 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded macromolecule made up of nucleotides (monomers)
DNA Nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
Types: A, C, T, G
Nucleotide
Deoxyribose (sugar)

10. DNA structure Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

11. 3 parts of a RNA nucleotide
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded macromolecule made up of nucleotides (monomers)
RNA Nucleotide
Ribose sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
Types: A, C, U, G
Nucleotide
ribose (sugar)

12. Base Pairing Rules DNA DNA  RNA DNA complementary pairs BASE
RNA complementary pairs
U =
DNA
DNA 
RNA

13. What are the similarities and differences b/w DNA & RNA?

14. DNA Replication FUNCTION: PROCESS:
DNA Replication
FUNCTION:
To make a copy of the DNA for new cells produced during cell division
PROCESS:
DNA Replication (synthesis)
Takes place in S-phase
Download Khan Academy Biology collection to iTunesU (ipad) and watch video “Chromosome, Chromatids, Chromatin.”

15. PROCESS DNA replication
UNZIP / UNWIND DNA:
Enzymes (Helicases) separate DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.
NEW NITROGENOUS BASES
Enzymes (DNA polymerases) match up correct bases with each strand.
Strands serve as a template
PROOF READ
Enzymes (DNA polymerases) proofread new DNA strands
Results in 2 identical DNA molecules
SEMICONSERVATIVE Replication
Each molecule contains 1 old strand and 1 new strand

17. Enzymes Involved in Replication
Activity
Helicase
Unwinds DNA helix
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins
Stabilize DNA in a single-chain after separated
Primase
Assembles RNA primers
DNA Polymerase
Assemble DNA chains on primers; replace primers while replacing primer nucleotides with DNA nucleotides
DNA Ligase
Seals nicks left after RNA primers are replaced with DNA

18. http://www. tokresource

19. DNA vs. RNA
DNA both RNA

20. (Phosphate;Sugar;Base)
DNA vs. RNA
DNA both RNA
Helix
Nucleotides
(Phosphate;Sugar;Base)
Nitrogenous Bases
(A, C, G)
Involved in Protein
synthesis
Double Strand
Base (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Can not leave
Nucleus
Genetic info
Single Strand
Base (U)
Sugar (ribose)
Can leave
Nucleus
Copy of info