1. Ape Plasmodium parasites as a source of human outbreaks
L. Duval, F. Ariey 
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 
Volume 18, Issue 6, Pages (June 2012)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2012 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

2. FIG. 1
Schematic phylogeny of mammal Plasmodium parasites, showing the polyphyly of human malarial parasites (in red). *Unresolved nodes.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2012 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

3. FIG. 2
One of the main stages in the colonization of a new mammalian host is the ability of the parasite to multiply within its host, and, in the case of Plasmodium, to colonize the red blood cells. We can schematically describe two major pathways in the invasion of red blood cells: the Duffy antigen for parasites belonging to the Plasmodium vivax group, and glycophorin for parasites belonging to the subgenus Laverania. The evolutionary pressures induced by malarial infection on these two proteins are major. They are at the origin of the lack of expression of Duffy antigen chemokine receptor (DARC) in red blood cells of human populations in Africa, and may have driven the evolutionary history of Plasmodium falciparum, which remains the only Laverania species to infect humans.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2012 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions