1. Giving in Europe How much, by whom, and for which causes?
René Bekkers
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

2. Who does what in philanthropy?
Donors € 
Intermediary organizations
grants
programs
Recipients

3. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

4. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

5. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

6. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

7. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

8. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

9. The Philanthropy Matrix
3 levels:
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences
Macro
Meso
Micro

15. Philanthropy in the Netherlands
Millions of Euros

16. How many Europeans give to charity?

17. Economic value: Europe
…at least

18. In a perfect world… Ideal
The ideal situation: representative, valid data about giving by all categories with different background variables available.
Ideal

19. Quality of data: Individual Giving
Data on household giving is best available. Still major gaps in information.
Facts

20. Quality of data: Bequest Giving
Data on household giving is best available. Still major gaps in information.
Facts

21. Quality of data: Corporate Giving
Data on household giving is best available. Still major gaps in information.
Facts

22. Quality of Data: Foundation Giving
Foundation data is much less available. Most best cases provide lower bound estimations.
Facts

23. Quality of data: Lottery Giving
Data on household giving is best available. Still major gaps in information.
Facts

24. €87,5 billion €41,3 bn €4,8 bn €21,7 bn €16,8 bn €2,8 bn
Giving in Europe (Lower bound estimates, 2013)
€41,3 bn
€87,5 billion
€4,8 bn
€21,7 bn
€16,8 bn
€2,8 bn
Results

25. Charitable Goals ?
Philanthropy Week 2016

26. Charitable Goals: Households

27. Economic value: Europe
Philanthropy ≈ mugs & tea towels

29. Government and giving: global
Excluding US:
r = .01

30. Taxes and giving: Europe

31. What makes people give? People give more (often) when
There is a clear need need
They are being asked solicitation
Costs are lower, and benefits are higher costs/benefits
They care about the recipients altruism
They receive social benefits reputation
They receive psychological benefits self-rewards
The cause matches their values values
Donations are perceived to be efficient efficacy

32. CROWDING-OUT EFFECT: EMPIRICS
Experimental studies: -0.64
Non-experimental studies: +0.06
De Wit, A. & Bekkers, R. (2016). Government support and charitable donations: A meta-analysis of the crowding-out hypothesis. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 27(2): ,

34. Does giving make donors happy?
Private benefit € 
Intermediary organizations
grants
Match: x 2
programs
Recipients
Public benefit
September 20, 2018
5th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis

35. 5th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis
Amounts donated
+4%
+41%
September 20, 2018
5th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis

36. Happy givers € 

37. Population sample: match group
September 20, 2018
5th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis

38. Millionaires: match group
September 20, 2018
5th Science of Philanthropy Conference, Indianapolis

39. Fundraising advice You can raise more by…
Clearly describing the need need
Make the ask solicitation
Lower costs, give perks costs/benefits
Appeal to empathy altruism
Make gifts visible to others reputation
Make donors feel good self-rewards
Identify the values in your mission values
Describe gifts as more efficient efficacy

40. Contact: René Bekkers Center for Philanthropic Studies
Department of Sociology
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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