1. Lab 6: Respiratory System

2. Announcements
Extra Credit Assignment
Extra Credit Quiz

3. Quick and Painless Review
Where is your thymus?
What is the difference between lymph nodules and MALT?
What is the difference between your lymph nodes and your spleen?

4. Respiration Overview Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Mathematics of the Respiratory System
How do you evaluate malfunctions in the respiratory system?

5. Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?

6. Respiratory System Respiratory System: Functions?
Receive air for breathing
Exchange gases (O2. CO2) with the blood
Expel modified air

7. Schematic of Respiratory System

8. Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal Cavity
Guard Hairs
Mucous
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Posterior to Nasal and Oral Cavities
Cleans Air
Intersection of Respiratory and Digestion

9. Upper Respiratory Tract
Epiglottis-
Flap blocks food from entering the lower respiratory tract
Larynx
9 plates of Cartilage
Large Chamber
Contains vocal cords

10. Anatomy of the Larynx

11. Anatomy of the Larynx
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles in larynx pull the cartilage
This causes the cords to move
Males have thicker cords

12. Functions of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Cleans air
Guard hairs
Mucus (MALT)
Cilia
Warms air
Moistens air

13. Anatomy of the Lungs Trachea Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi
C-shaped cartilage
Mucociliary escalator
Primary Bronchi
Cartilage
Right wider than left
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
More branches on right

14. Mucociliary Escalator
Muscus-
Traps particles
Cilia-
Move particles up toward pharynx

15. Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchioles
Small – 1mm or less
No longer contain cartilage
Continue Branching
Terminal Bronchioles
Last passages before aveoli
Still have Cilia
Alveoli – where gas exchange occurs
Phagocytosis removes small particles

16. Lower Respiratory Tract
Convey air to alveoli
Clean air and remove particles by mucociliary elevator
Macrophages in aveoli phagocytize foreign particles – last line of defense

17. Dynamic Human
Anatomy

18. Airflow in the Lungs 1º Bronchi 2 º Bronchi 3 º Bronchi Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Alveolus
GAS EXCHANGE with Capillary Bed

19. Mechanism of Airflow
Airflow is a result in changes of pressure between two systems
System 1: the outer atmosphere
System 2: the pressure within the alveoli
How does pressure change within the alveoli?

20. Mechanisms of Airflow How does pressure change within the alveoli?
Boyles Law: P  1/V
(Changes in Volume result in changes in Pressure!!!!!)
How does volume change within the alveoli?

21. Mechanism of Airflow How does volume change within the alveoli?
Inspiration
The diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity during quiet inspiration
Deep inspiration is aided by the pectoralis minor, the sternocleidomastoid and the erector spinae muscles (external intercostals)

22. Mechanism of Airflow Expiration
Quiet Breathing: Volume changes are not caused by muscular contraction, rather the elasticity of the lungs and ribs
Deep expiration: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

23. Alveolar Gas Exhange O2 loads into RBC; CO2 unloads into the alveoli
Factors involved:
Concentration gradients
Solubility in H2O
Membrane thickness
Membrane area

24. Alveoli

25. Oxygen Transport and Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen is carried through the blood stream by hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200x better.

26. Carbon Monoxide
Sources?

27. Carbon Monoxide
Sources?
Car Exhaust
Cigarette Smoke

28. Smoking Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer
Over 2000 chemicals in tobacco smoke.
What gives the lung at the top its dark color?

29. Carcinogens in Tobacco
Carcinogen: substance that increases the potential for tumor growth
50 carcinogens in smoke (2 radioactive)
eg.- Nicotine, Formaldehyde
Implicated in 90% of lung cancers

30. Mechanics of Breathing, Gas Exchange, and Carbon Monoxide
Dynamic Human
Mechanics of Breathing, Gas Exchange, and Carbon Monoxide

31. Spirometry

32. Spirometry Respiratory volumes
tidal volume: air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath
inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort
expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
residual volume: air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration, keeps alveoli inflated

33. Bronchioscopy Flexible tube with camera attached
Used to identify blockages in bronchi and to biopsy tumors/growths

36. Spirometry and Bronchoscopy
Dynamic Human
Spirometry and Bronchoscopy

37. Asthma Inflammation reaction in the lung caused by and allergen
Results in bronchoconstriction and sometimes suffocation

38. Treatments for Asthma Inhalers – daily or rescue Pills - daily
Albuterol
Vanceril
Pills - daily
Accolade
Singular
Injection or Nebulizer - rescue
Ephinedrine

39. Gross Anatomy Human Trachea Cat Left and right lungs Primary Bronchi
How many lobes?
Larynx
Epiglottis
Cat
Left and right lungs
How many lobes?
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Larynx