1. Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Content
Computer organization
Computer Architecture
Computer security

3. Impact of Technologies
Innovations in integrated chip (IC) technologies
Has increased transistor count
feature size has decreased
die size has increased
Result:
35% increase in transistor density per year
40% to 50% increase in transistor count per year
This is known as Moore’s law
Moore’s law has been used as a guide to design each next generation of microprocessors
Revolutionized personal computers
However, this increase in transistor count has decreased due to the amount of power that an IC is allowed to use or heat to dissipate
Innovations in application developments
Revolutionized the way digital systems are designed
HDL is used to describe the behavior of a digital circuit
CAD tools are used to simulate (validate) and synthesize (translate) circuit descriptions

4. Von Neumann computer System
The basic architecture of virtually every computer even built.

5. Von Neumann Execution Example
Consider a program statement:
A = B + C;
In Assembly language:
Execution?
Load r1, B
Load r2, C
Add r3, r1, r2
Store A, r3

6. Circuit for a NOT gate
0 turns it ON
x = 1
x = 0
1 turns it ON

7. Circuit for 2-input NAND gate

8. Power Consumption and Heat dissipation
More transistors and higher switching frequency
=> More power consumption
=> More heat dissipation
For example,
Intel processor used about 2 watts; whereas,
3.3 GHz (Giga Hertz) Intel Core i7 processor consumes about 130 (65 times more) watts
This has changed computer organization
Cannot make processors any faster
=> Use more processors to perform tasks faster
=> Programs must be able to use more processing cores

9. Types of digital circuits
Combinational:
Outputs are generated concurrently.
Sequential: Outputs are generated in sequence
(in steps).

10. Computer Organization
Specifies implementation details:
Circuit components and their physical relationship that makeup
Processing core,
processor,
memory,
I/O device controller and interface
Interconnection that makes up a computer
Data path designs
32-bit Intel vs. AMD processors
Two different data paths but same instruction set
Superscalar CPU, executes multiple instructions in parallel
Advancement in memory technologies and organizations
Cache organization
SDRAM organization
High speed communication paths are used between memory and the fastest components
processors
GPU

11. Computer architecture
Specifies design concepts:
Pipelining
Parallelism
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)
GPU
Instruction level parallelism (ILP)
Superscalar processors
E.g., Intel Core i7
Multi-Core Processors
Multi-Processor Systems
Shared memory: Processors communicate using memory
Message passing: Processors communicate by sending/receiving messages
Memory Hierarchy
How to use Von Neumann computer model to improve memory performance
Pipelining and parallelism apply to memory too
Assembly Line
2 minutes stages => how many cars in a year (assume perfect scenario)?
Stage 3: Install wheels
Car1
Car2
Car3
. . .
Stage 2: Install doors
Stage 1: Install Engine
Time slots
(e.g., 10-minutes slots) 1 2 3 4 5
260,000+
Execute
Load r1, B
Load r2, C
Add r3, r1, r2
Store A, r3
Decode
. . .
Fetch
Time (T) 1 2 3 4 5 6
What can go wrong?

12. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)
Parallelism
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD)
Graphic Processor

13. Instruction level parallelism (ILP)
Dynamically in hardware
Statically by compiler
EPIC (e.g., Intel Itanium)

14. Multi-Core Processors
Parallelism
Multi-Core Processors
Thread-level parallelism
Increases processor throughput
Throughput: Number of tasks perform per unit time
4th Generation Intel® Core™ i7 processor (with permission of Intel Corporation)
Example,
With an embedded GPU

15. Multiprocessor System
Parallelism
Multiprocessor System
To increase system throughput
Number of FLOPS
Number Google searches at the same time
Etc.
Applications
Scientific computing
Cloud computing
512-processor SGI Origin 2000 multiprocessor system
Shared Memory Multiprocessor System

16. Computer Security Security application examples How hardware can help?
Secure data storage
Secure communication
Certified execution
Secure remote connection
Authenticate company laptop, not the user
Secure Access Control
Who should access student records
Access to medical records
Access to documents/data in a company
Etc.
Detecting physical attacks
e.g., embedded handheld devices are subject to reverse engineering attacks
Prevent software piracy
How hardware can help?
Hardware is more secure than software
Computer security through hardware
Secure co-processor
Crypto-processor
Secure processor
Keep instructions and data confidential during execution
Guards against attacks