1. President Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952-1960
What were the Cold War fears faced by the American People, and how successfully did the Eisenhower Presidency address them?

2. Communist Home

3. 1949, THE YEAR OF SHOCK Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb…..
The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb?
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets.
Charged with espionage they would be found guilty and executed in 1953.
NATO

4. H U A C House Committee for Un-American Activities
red scare3
McCarran Act Internal Security Act of 1950
All communists were to register and groups to give lists of members
1950–77, Congress and FBI investigated Americans suspected as communists
HUAC committee warned of civil rights violations.
Witnesses who refused to answer were cited for contempt of Congress.

5. Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison
HOUSE COMMITTE FOR UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
red scare3
Alger Hiss
Whitaker Chambers
Richard Nixon
In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against former State Dept. official Alger Hiss
Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison
Richard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss.

6. HOUSE COMMITTE FOR UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
red scare3
1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten.
Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

7. Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism
Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist.
McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans.
Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States…….
red scare

8. Communist Fears Abroad

9. Containment Policy TRUMAN AND THE COLD WAR
Developed by State Department assistant, George Keenan, NSC-68
Argued that the SU was trying to do two things: defeat capitalism, & expand the Soviet sphere of influence.
US would stand firm, restrict and halt Soviet and Communist expansion.
How? Help countries who were threatened by Communism with financial and economic assistance, propaganda, politically and militarily.
Adopted by President Truman in 1946.
Opposite of Appeasement…..
Confront dictators

10. 1949, THE YEAR OF SHOCK
Mao Tse Tung
Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..
China became a communistic country.
Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.
Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.
US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world
Chang Kai Shek
NATO

11. KOREAN WAR 1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea.
North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy.
First war of “containment” policy to stop communism
“Police Action” not a declared war
President Truman leads United Nations.
General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops.
Called “forgotten war”.

12. Berlin Blockade & Airlift June 24, 1948 – May 12, 1949
immediate cause of the blockade was the introduction of a new currency to the Western zones
the real issue was the reunification of Germany
especially vulnerable-deep within the Soviet zone

13. Background to the War
The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu
President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France.
Ho Chi Minh had been fighting for Vietnamese independence since World War I.
The U.S. gave France aid to win its support in American anticommunist efforts in Western Europe.

14. Formation of NATO
Europeans became increasingly wary of Soviet intentions after the Berlin Blockade
April 4th, 1949 the NATO treaty was signed.
The United States, Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and the Netherlands signed.
Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 and West Germany in 1955.

15. Nukes and the Space Race

16. Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. 1950
1949
Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb…..
1950
Soviets detonate their first Hydrogen bomb
NATO

17. Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

18. Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Facts on Sputnik
Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio signals.
Launched Oct. 4, 1957
Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

19. Effects on the United States
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Effects on the United States
Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology
Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union
In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency
> National Defense Education Act

20. Effects of Sputnik on United States
Atomic Anxieties:
“Duck-and-Cover Generation”
Atomic Testing:
Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.
Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters.

22. Missile Gap
the presumed strategic disparity between the Soviet Union and the United States believed to have been created by the USSR's technological achievements in the late 1950s.
The missile gap became an important political issue, with critics charging that President Dwight D. Eisenhower had allowed the Soviets to gain a dangerous military advantage over the United States by refusing to spend enough money on missile programs.
The missile gap was a myth. Eisenhower had explained that there was no gap, but many doubted the president's claims.
Concerns over the missile gap did not recede until after October 1961, when members of the Kennedy administration declared that the United States possessed overwhelming military strength.

23. Economic Concerns Agricultural overproduction, low prices
Older industrial areas decline
recession slows decade’s economic growth

24. Eisenhowers Responses

25. Communist Home
Ike was privately critical but did little to destroy McCarthy
Republicans used McCarthy in 1952 election
McCarthy brought himself down
Continued loyalty program

26. Communist Fears Abroad

27. “Brinksmanship” [John Foster Dulles]
Eisenhower & Dulles
Mutual security agreements.
Massive retaliation.
M. A. D.
“Domino Theory”
CIA & covert operations
Eisenhower Doctrine

28. Second Berlin Crisis (1958) U-2 Incident (1960)
Stalin’s Death (1953)
Khrushchev (1956): “peaceful coexistence”
Hungarian Revolt (1956)
Suez Canal Crisis (1956 to 57)
Sputnik (1957)
Second Berlin Crisis (1958)
Khrushchev: “We will bury capitalism”
U-2 Incident (1960)
Support for Castro in Cuba (1959)

29. The Suez Crisis:

30. Cold War continues with propaganda radio broadcasts

31. COLD WAR CONTINUES
Cold War continues with the Soviets also using propaganda radio broadcasts

32. COLD WAR CONTINUES
Mad Magazine makes fun of the Cold War with their Spy vs. Spy column.
CIA vs. KGB

33. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister
Promised free elections.
This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

34. Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

35. U-2 SPY PLANE
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower admitted on May 7 that the unarmed reconnaissance aircraft was indeed on a spy mission.
In response, Khrushchev cancelled a long-awaited summit meeting in Paris,
Powers was sentenced to ten years in a Soviet prison for his confessed espionage.
year-and-a-half later, on February 10, 1962, the Soviets released him in exchange for Rudolph Abel,
Led to the Berlin Wall being built and the Cold War “heating up again”

36. Ikes Responses Ike moderate support for space race
Huge impact of Sputnik forced hand
Federal program to build bomb shelters/ Duck and Cover program for schools
US supplying missiles to Britain and NATO allies
NASA (1958) and Explorer I
MAD . Mutually Assured Destruction

37. Responses to the Economy

38. Domestic Policy Balanced, moderate “Bland leading the bland”
Overall, a time of prosperity
New Deal a part of modern life
Expands farm aid, Social Security, housing, health services
Highway Act of 1956
42,000 miles of interstate highways linking major cities
Improve national defense
Good for jobs, trucking
Bad for the poor, public transportation

40. Assignment Time Baby!!!
Read through Eisenhower’s Farwell Address and then Complete the Following:
Was this an apology?
Was this a thank you?
Was this the truth or a lie?
What is the military industrial complex?
Complete a one-paragraph analysis that includes you answers to the above.
Eisenhower's Farwell Address