1. Chloroplast
By Jared Bowen-Kauth

2. What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids
Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists
Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

3. What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids
Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists
Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

4. What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids
Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists
Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

5. What is a Chloroplast? Family of plastids
Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists
Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

6. Structure of Chloroplasts
Mobile and can change shape
Chloroplast envelope
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc

7. Structure of Chloroplasts
Mobile and can change shape
Chloroplast envelope
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc

8. Structure of Chloroplasts
Mobile and can change shape
Chloroplast envelope
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc

9. Structure of Chloroplasts
Mobile and can change shape
Chloroplast envelope
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc

10. Structure of Chloroplasts
Mobile and can change shape
Chloroplast envelope
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid membrane arranged into grana, or stacks of disc

11. Structure of Chloroplasts
Three membranes divide cell into three compartments:
Intermembrane space
Stroma
Thylakoid lumen

12. Structure of Chloroplasts
The stacks of thylakoid sacs are connected by stroma lamellae
Skeleton for the chloroplast
Keeps the sacs a safe distance from each other
Maximizes the efficiency of the organelle

13. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Not part of the endomembrane system
Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol
Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis

14. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Not part of the endomembrane system
Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol
Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis

15. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Not part of the endomembrane system
Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol
Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis

16. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Not part of the endomembrane system
Membrane proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytosol
Contain a small amount of DNA that programs protein synthesis

17. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Semiautonomous organelles
Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through
However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through

18. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Semiautonomous organelles
Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through
However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through

19. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Semiautonomous organelles
Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through
However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through

20. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
Semiautonomous organelles
Outer membrane contains porins that allow small molecules to pass through
However, in chloroplasts, the inner membrane does not allow ions and metabolites to pass through

21. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
In the mitochondria…
The proton gradient is generated across the inner membrane
Used to drive ATP synthesis in the matrix.

22. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
In the mitochondria…
The proton gradient is generated across the inner membrane
Used to drive ATP synthesis in the matrix.

23. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
In chloroplasts…
The proton gradient is generated across the thylakoid membrane
Used to drive ATP synthesis in the stroma.

24. Functions in Comparison to Mitochondria
In chloroplasts…
The proton gradient is generated across the thylakoid membrane
Used to drive ATP synthesis in the stroma.

25. The Chloroplast Genome
Genome-the genetic material of an organism
Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system
Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies
Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.

26. The Chloroplast Genome
Genome-the genetic material of an organism
Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system
Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies
Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.

27. The Chloroplast Genome
Genome-the genetic material of an organism
Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system
Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies
Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.

28. The Chloroplast Genome
Genome-the genetic material of an organism
Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system
Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies
Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.

29. The Chloroplast Genome
Genome-the genetic material of an organism
Chloroplasts contain their own genetic system
Genes consists of circular DNA molecules in multiple copies
Ranging from 120 to 106 kb, and containing about 120 genes.

30. Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins
Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.
Proteins synthesized on ribosomes
Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains
Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts

31. Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins
Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.
Proteins synthesized on ribosomes
Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains
Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts

32. Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins
Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.
Proteins synthesized on ribosomes
Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains
Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts

33. Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins
Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.
Proteins synthesized on ribosomes
Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains
Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts

34. Importing and Sorting Chloroplast Proteins
Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes.
Proteins synthesized on ribosomes
Transported into chloroplasts as polypeptide chains
Must be sorted to their appropriate location within chloroplasts

35. Cellular Respiration
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

36. Photosynthesis: basically the direct opposite...
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds
Occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes

37. Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists
Xanthophylls and carotenoids

38. Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists
Xanthophylls and carotenoids

39. Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists
Xanthophylls and carotenoids

40. Chlorophyll All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b, c, d, and e in algae and protists
Xanthophylls and carotenoids

41. Chlorophyll
Absorbs its energy from violet-blue and reddish orange wavelengths
Chlorophyll molecules lie on top of each thylakoid to capture the sun’s light rays.
Reactions create energy molecules that move to the stroma, where carbon can be fixed and sugars synthesized.

42. Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy
Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars.
Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules

43. Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy
Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars.
Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules

44. Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy
Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars.
Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules

45. Making Food Creates sugars that support the cell with energy
Photosynthesis involves the plant taking the sun’s energy and making these essential sugars.
Sun hits the chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules

46. Making Food
Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.
The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.

47. Making Food
Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.
The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.

48. Making Food
Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.
The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.

49. Making Food
Light energy is converted to chemical energy found in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
The energy-rich compounds move into the stroma, where enzymes fix the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide.
The molecular reactions eventually create sugar and oxygen.

50. Photosynthesis Two stage process
Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions) requires light energy to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process
Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates

51. Photosynthesis Two stage process
Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions) requires light energy to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process
Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates

52. Photosynthesis
The Dark Reactions can usually occur in the dark, if the energy carriers from the light process are present.
Light Reactions-grana
Dark Reactions-stroma

53. Photosynthesis
The Dark Reactions can usually occur in the dark, if the energy carriers from the light process are present.
Light Reactions-grana
Dark Reactions-stroma

54. Light and Dark Reactions
Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons
Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH
Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions
Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates

55. Light and Dark Reactions
Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons
Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH
Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions
Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates

56. Light and Dark Reactions
Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons
Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH
Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions
Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates

57. Light and Dark Reactions
Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons
Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH
Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions
Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates

58. Light and Dark Reactions
Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons
Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH
Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions
Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates

59. Light and Dark Reactions
Light hits chlorophyll, leading to an excitement of electrons
Series of reactions and ETP process converts energy into ATP and NADPH
Water is split, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
ATP and NADPH used to make C-C bonds in Dark Reactions
Carbon dioxide is captured and modified by hydrogen to create carbohydrates

60. Photosynthesis Two stage process
Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions) requires light energy to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process
Light Independent Process (Dark Reaction) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates

61. Light and Dark Reactions
Carbon fixation
The dark reactions (Calvin Benison Cycle) make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH).
ATP provides the energy, while NADPH provides the electrons required to fix the carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.

62. References
Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2005). AP Biology: Seventh edition. San Francisco, Ca.: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Cooper, G. M. (2000). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Retrieved from
Photosynthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved from
Studios, A. R. (n.d.). Chloroplasts - Show Me the Green. Retrieved from