1. STATES of MATTER
Chapter 3 Section 1

2. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules
too small to see (without a very powerful microscope)
always in motion and are always bumping into each other.
always interacting with each other
the way they interact with each other helps determine the state of the matter

3. Includes Melting Point, Boiling Pt.,
State – the physical form in which the substance exists.
Ex. – Solid, Liquid, or Gas
Includes Melting Point, Boiling Pt.,
and Freezing Pt.

4. States – the 3 physical forms in which substances exist (or are there 4?)
Solid, Liquid, Gas ……………….. and PLASMA???

5. 3 states of matter

6. SOLID – state of matter that has a definite shape & volume
Particles are very close together
Attraction between them is stronger than liquid & gas states
Particles do not move fast enough to overcome the attrxn between them
“vibrate in place”

7. LIQUID – state of matter that has a definite volume but not shape
Particles are still very close together
Attrxn between them is < solid … but > gas states
Particles move fast enough to overcome some of the attrxn between them
“takes the shape of its container”

8. GAS – state of matter that has no definite volume nor shape
Particles are moving very quickly
Attrxn between them is < solid & liquid states
Particles move fast enough to overcome the attrxn between them
“the amount of empty space between gas particles can change”

9. VOCAB / DEFINITIONS
SOLIDS: Crystalline: very orderly, 3-d arrangement of particles Amorphous: particles have no special arrangement, no pattern LIQUIDS: Surface Tension: force that acts on the surface of a liquid and tends to minimize the area of that surface Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid (or gas) to “flow”

10. BEHAVIOR OF GASES & Changes OF STATE
Chapter 3 Section 2 & 3

11. VOCAB / DEFINITIONS
Temperature: measure of how hot (or cold) something is … a measure of the movement of particles
Volume: measure of the size of a body or region in 3-dimensional space
Pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area of surface
** Volume vs. Area **

12. “Laws”
Charles’s Law: the Volume of a gas is directly proportional to the Temperature of a gas when Pressure is constant Boyle’s Law: the Volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the Pressure of a gas when Temperature is constant

13. Change of a substance from one physical form to another
Changes of state
Change of a substance from one physical form to another
Energy is gained or released (added or removed)
There are Temperature “Points” where this happens
Endothermic: energy is gained as substance changes state
Exothermic: energy is removed as substance changes state (it “exits”)

14. Changes of state (“Points”)
Melting Pt = solid  liquid solid  liquid = Freezing Pt . Boiling/Evaporation = liquid  gas liquid  gas = Condensation Pt Sublimation Pt = solid  gas solid  gas = Desublimation Pt

15. Boiling: occurs throughout the entire liquid
Happens only at the surface of a liquid … even if it is not at “boiling”

16. Changes of state (part-2)
Endothermic (energy is gained)
Exothermic (energy is removed /“exits”)
Do not confuse “Freezing Point” with “cold”
Temp stays steady at its “Point” / does not change (pauses) until its State has changed

17. effects of the atmosphere
Pressure: the amount of force exerted per unit area of surface
Atmospheric Pressure: pressure caused by the weight of the gases that make up the atmosphere
base unit = 1 atm (at sea level)
higher elevations (mountains) have lower air pressure, so water can boil at a lower temp … since the boiling point is lower, it takes longer to cook a boiled egg
(cooking recipes need to be adjusted)