1. The Restless Oceans
23.5

2. Explain how the properties of ocean water change with depth.

3. Atmosphere & Ocean Circulation
Atmospheric Circulation
Depends on density
Ocean Surface Circulation
Depends on the wind
Deep Ocean Circulation

4. Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
Transport ~ 20% of latitudinal heat
Equator to poles
Transport nutrients and organisms
Influences weather and climate
Influences commerce
4 th century BC ,Pytheas of Massalia, a Greek ship captain, explored eastern Atlantic
Okeanos (Greek for “Great River”) because he found the ocean flowing south (Canary Current) and thought it was a river too wide to cross.

5. Ocean Circulation

6. Distinguish between surface currents, deep currents, and upwelling.

7. Wind-drive ocean surface currents
Wind driven surface currents
Wind-drive ocean surface currents
London = 51 deg N James Bay = 51 deg. N
Edinburgh = 55deg N, same latitude as Ontario’s Polar Bear Provincial Park
Total water in ocean surface circulation = about 100 Amazon Rivers (20 million m3/s). It requires years to complete cycle.
How fast? A few miles/hr (Gulf Stream off of Miami = 4.5 mph)
How much? Total water in ocean surface circulation = about 100 Amazon Rivers (20 million m3/s).

8. Sea Surface Temperature

9. Ocean Salinity
AVERAGE = 35 ppm or 3.5% denser

10. Equatorial to polar heat transport and water flow

11. Ocean – Atmosphere Circulation