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Pre-Islam Arabia
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What was this region like?
Population: Sparse Gender Structure: Patriarchal Cities were centered around… trade and religion
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What role did Mecca play in this region?
Commercial center many of the goods in the region moved through this city Religious Center Ka’ba Center of an polytheistic religion Site of annual pilgrimage during which warfare was suspended Religion and trade made some people very rich Quraysh tribe Settled city and dominated religiously and politically
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Who was Muhammad? Born 570 Orphaned at age 2 and raised by uncle Abu Talib As a young man, worked in caravan trade Married a wealthy Widow Khadijah With her supporting him, he could spend much of his time meditating Lived an ordinary life until “The Night of Power” The angel Gabriel came to see him and Allah speaks to him through Gabriel. Muhammad memorizes what will later become the suras of the Koran Many wives, four daughters
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Muhammad vs. the Quraysh
Why do they not like Muhammad? He is a threat to their status As a result of their disdain for him, what happens? The Hijra – 622 CE Muhammad and his followers to Medina because of Quraysh threat 622 – 632 Known as the Medina Years What happens in 630? Muhammad and his 1000s followers to Mecca to retake city Converts gained along the way Makes Ka’ba a monotheistic center Overtime, many Arab people convert to Islam Some people convert out of faith and some convert out of seeing that Muhammad will “win” 632 – Muhammad dies
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The Clash Commences Following Muhammad’s death, who is the clear successor? No one People disagree as to who should lead Who are the possible leaders to follow? Ali – Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Quraysh tribe – some feel they should be in power because they had it before Abu Bakr – one of the 1st followers, suffered along with Muhammad Abu Bakr emerges
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5 pillars of Islam
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What’s in a Name? The difference between Islam and Muslim
The name of the Religion Good Usage Muhammad founded Islam Bad Usage He is an Islam Muslim A follower of the religion or a part of the religion of Islam Good Usage He established a Muslim empire Bad Usage Muhammad founded Muslim
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The Umayyad and Abbasid
Muslim Caliphates The Umayyad and Abbasid
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(Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth
Abraham Ismail Adnan Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth Adbelmuttalib Muhammad Ali Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty ( ) ( )
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Umayyad Caliphate 661 – 750 Capital: Political center of Islam changed from Mecca to Damascus Mainly Arab city Focus: Principle concern was expansion of Islam Umayyad conquests brought material wealth to the caliphate Government: Mu’awiyah adopted Byzantine administrative practices Authoritarian Navy Founded Bureaucracy isolated themselves from the general public Saw themselves as “shadows of God on earth” Problems: The Arab focus as emphasized by the Umayyad ruling elite caused dissension The ruling elite equated Islam with Arab descent Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims) were discriminated against This ultimately contributed to the downfall of the caliphate and the rise of the Abbasids Pact of Umar: Rights of non-Muslims (dhimmi)
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Abbasid Caliphate Capital: moved to the new city of Baghdad Population of 1 million in 9th Century Became a center of trade and intellectual thought Revived Greek classics Arabic became the language of science and diplomacy Religious tolerance flourished Focus: Conquest was not stressed as it was in the Umayyad Caliphate Came to power via shi’ite support but eventually changed to sunni The new stress was on development of administrative institutions, commercial enterprise and a legal system Higher members of society were no longer warriors but now bureaucrats, merchants, and judges Abandoned the Arab exclusivity Adopted a policy of Muslim equality The number of converts increased as conquered peoples now saw this as an advantage } Opposite of Europe
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Abbasid Caliphate (cont’d)
Government: First 150 years were marked by political stability and prosperity (Abbasid Empire) Placed political power in the hands of an absolute monarch This worked until 945 At this time, regional dynasties with governors who reported to Baghdad developed and took some of the power away from the absolute rule of the Abbasid Caliphate Examples: Delhi, Ghazna, Cairo, and Cordoba Problems: Power of empire was diminished 1258 – Abbasid Caliphate falls when Baghdad was sacked by the Hugalu’s Mongol forces
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Islam Role of Women
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Islam and the world view The Quran and women
Marriage, Divorce, Inheritance Pre-Islam – women rights and slavery Female infanticide Waiting Period between separation and divorce Inheritance Rights and economic status Intellectually = Man’s responsibilities vs Woman’s Consultation for marriage May obtain a divorce Hijab Islam is seen as so oppressive because it is interpreted by our standards OR by the media
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The Quran was intended to improve women’s status
Islam is seen as oppressive because it is interpreted by our standards OR by the media CNN The Quran was intended to improve women’s status Marriage, Divorce, Inheritance Pre-Islam – women were bought and sold PROHIBITED! Female infanticide ended because of the Quran Waiting Period between separation and divorce Pregnancy, 3 months to work out differences Islam is seen as so oppressive because it is interpreted by our standards OR by the media
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Women were granted rights regarding inheritance and economic status
What she earns is hers (if she works) but what a man earns is for the whole family Intellectually, women are equal The man is responsible for taking care of both the children and his wife Her duty is to respect him Consultation for marriage May obtain a divorce Hijab (head covering/modesty) – required based upon respect. Get to know them as the person they are and not as how they look.
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Islam’s Emergence as a power and The Shi’ite Sunni Split 680 CE
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History of the Split Power struggle following Muhammad’s death
The emergence of a caliph Successor to the prophet Head of the universal Islamic community Prominent Caliphs Abu Bakr – worked to restore breakaway tribes Umar – worked to stop raiding of tribes from Byzantium and Sassanian Iran Uthman – murdered by mutinous arabs Ali – wanted to encourage = and chosen by many (believed to be preferred by M) Becomes the caliph but it is challenged by Mu’awiya (EVENTUALLY MURDERED) These 4 are known at the rashidun Rightly guided caliphs Personally connected to Muhammad First 100 years Reached India(East), Spain (West), North Africa Most of the areas remain Muslim until 15th century Not a big emphasis on conversions because Islam was an Arab religion Mu’awiya – felt since Uthman was of his tribe, he was to be next Caliph The meet in battle. ALI almost wins but M’s troops want to make a deal Ali loses support for this action Umayyad Caliphate Differences between Mua and Ali – Fight and M’s troops put Koran's on spears. Ali accepts arbitration. (M wouldve lost and seen as a weak move) but not what Ali sees. Two negotiate (Ali rep – Abu Musa M – Amar. Decide that neither leaders hsould rep and annoucne byt
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The Split: The Role of Husayn
Mu’awiyah succeeded by his son Ali’s son (Husayn)faced Yazid I in the Battle of Karbala Convinced to engage in battle by partisans (aka shi’a) Shi’a claim he agreed and was motovated by his desire to return Islam to a more pure form (non secular) Martyrdom Husayn was killed and became a martyr This event was a symbol of the struggle for justice and oppression of the Muham’s fam
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Shi’ite Belief in religious purity
Only descendents of Ali could be the imam or rightful caliph Ali was Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law The first 11 caliphs were assassinated The 11th imam’s son disappeared and the hereditary line ended (Muhammad al-Madhi) After this time, “twelver” Shi’ism began Leader was divine They are looking forward to the appearance of the madhi or the “rightly guided one” One of the largest holidays is the commemoration of Husayn’s death on which people publicly weep and flagellate themselves
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Shi’ite Accounts for 16% of Islam Location Religious purity
mainly in Iran, Iraq and some in Pakistan and India Religious purity Wanted a caliph who represented Islam’s religious interest and not imperial expansion ISLAM IS A RELIGION
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Sunni Leader was pious but not a religious figure
Followers of the Prophet 83% of Islam look more to the letter of Koran Imam is an elected or chosen official ISLAM IS A WAY OF LIFE
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Sunni – Shi’ite Differences
Difference of Beliefs Conflict View of Allah – Sunni believe that Allah has a “spiritual body” (people are not capable of understanding his power) Shi’ite see Allah as a spiritual presence Shi’ite also see Ali and Fatima’s words as holy Sunni see ONLY Mohammad's as holy (others are guidance but not holy) Shi’ite – Look more to the interpretation of the Koran (the hidden meaning al-baten) while Sunni take only what is written At Mu’awiyah’s death, the Sunni Shiite Split occurred Sunni and Shi’ite do not get along Fighting for years Still fight today Iraq – Shiites now can practices their rituals Husayn (Ali’s son) faced Yazid I in the battle of Karbala and was killed Husayn became the second martyr of what would be come the Shi’ite sect of Islam Sunni believe that Allah has a body form but Shiite do not View the words of Fatima and Ali as holy Look more to the interpretation of the Koran (the hidden meaning al-baten) SUNNIs
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Sufism Islamic mysticism Renounced worldly goods
Dedicate themselves to prayer and meditation in an effort to emulate the prophet Many Muslims were against this but it led to mass conversions Highly controversial in places like Afghanistan under Taliban where it was outlawed
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Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Modified by Ben Needle Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
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I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras II
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
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The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries - peasant revolts Al-Mahdi ( ) Shi-a unreconciled succession not secure The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
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The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes Harun al-Rashid son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides Persian advisors death followed by civil war al-Ma'mun B. Imperial Breakdown & Agrarian Disorder Civil unrest Caliphs build lavishly tax burden increases agriculture suffers The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
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The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras C. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society Seclusion, veil Polygyny D. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power Former provinces threaten Abbasids Buyids, Persia take Baghdad, 945 Sultans Seljuk Turks 1055, defeat Buyids Sunnis Shi'a purges, defeat Byzantines, Egypt E. The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, Western European Christian knights small kingdoms established Muslims retake lands under Saladin Last lands recovered in 1291 The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak
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II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
Urban growth Merchants thrive A. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Persian the court language administration, literature Persian was seen as a supple and beautiful language Arabic in religion, law, sciences Calligraphy Firdawsi – greatest Persian poet Shah-Nama epic poem Sa'di Omar Kayyan Rubaiyat
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II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
B. Achievements in the Sciences Math build on Greek work Chemistry experiments Al-Razi Al-Biruni specific weights Medicine hospitals courses of study
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C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
Sufis mysticism Ulama – highly educated muslim scholars conservative against outside influence Greek philosophy rejected Qur'an sufficient Al-Ghazali - sufi synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas opposed by orthodoxy pioneers being skeptical in thought D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate Mongols Chinggis Khan Hulegu 1258, Baghdad falls last Abbasid killed
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The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions First Muslims as traders, 8th century attacks lead to invasion Muhammad ibn Qasim Umayyad general takes Sind, Indus valleys Indians treated as dhimmi B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Math, medicine, music, astronomy India influences Arab The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
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III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan Mahmud of Ghazni begins invasion of India Ruled Ghaznavid Empire from 997 until his death Muhammad of Ghur Persian state in Indus valley thence to Bengal his lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years D. Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables also conversion to escape taxes Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries
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III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
E. Patterns of Accommodation High-caste Hindus remain apart Muslims also often fail to integrate F. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival Bhakti devotional cults emotional approach caste distinctions dissolved Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially important Mira Bai, Kabir, songs in regional languages G. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v. ulama > separate communities
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The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Shrivijaya A. Trading Contacts and Conversion Trading leads to peaceful conversion Sufis important starting with Sumatran ports Malacca thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) Coastal cities especially receptive Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam B. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam Important mystical strain Women in a stronger position matrilineal The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
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Africa During the Post classical Period
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African Kingdom Similarities and Differences
Common Elements in African Societies Bantu migration Animism lineage important in relation with god The Arrival of Islam in North Africa Arrival of Islam (Spain, by 711) Berber Almoravids Almohads succeed Berbers, 12th century The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Copts Egyptian Christians spread to Nubia (Kush) Ethiopia
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Empires of the Western Sudan
Empires of Africa Kingdoms of the Grasslands Caravans Sahel - transfer point Sudanic States Rulers sacred Islam The Empire of Mali Malinke peoples from Ghana Agriculture, gold trade Sundiata (d.1260) the “Lion Prince” mansa (ruler) expanded state Mansa Kankan Musa pilgrimage Ishal al-Sahili (Sp. Architect) beaten clay architecture Empires of the Western Sudan
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African Kingdoms City Dwellers and Villagers Jenne, Timbuktu
The Songhay Kingdom (Capital: Gao) Middle Niger valley Independent by 700 Muslim by 1010 Sunni Ali ( ) Hausa states, northern Nigeria Muslim center Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States Fusion of traditions City Dwellers and Villagers Jenne, Timbuktu thrive with expansion Some merchants Religious diffusion? Majority farmers
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Swahili Coast The Swahili Coast of East Africa Trading ports
Muslim influence Cultural diffusion and synthesis The Coastal Trading Ports (*Mogadishu*, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar) Don’t need to know, just be familiar Madagascar SEA imports Blended culture The Swahili Coast
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Swahili Coast (cont’d)
The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast Islam unifies Other Characteristics Egalitarian/homogenous to cosmopolitan/diverse Key Exports & Imports Two distinct “trading seasons” Connection to China? When did this exchange with China end?
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Africa During the Post classical Period
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African Kingdom Similarities and Differences
Common Elements in African Societies Bantu migration one language base Animism cosmology ethical code lineage important in relation with god The Arrival of Islam in North Africa Part of Mediterranean Arrival of Islam (Spain, by 711) Berber Almoravids western Sahara, assist conversion Almohads succeed Berbers, 12th century The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Copts Egyptian Christians welcome Muslims spread to Nubia (Kush) Ethiopia heirs to Axum King Lalibela
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Empires of the Western Sudan
Empires of Africa II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands Caravans across Sahara Sahel (grasslands) transfer point A. Sudanic States Rulers sacred Islam from 900s supports state B. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince” Malinke peoples from Ghana Agriculture, gold trade Sundiata (d.1260) mansa (ruler) expanded state Mansa Kankan Musa pilgrimage to Mecca Floods land with gold brings back Ishal al-Sahili architect from Muslim Spain beaten clay architecture Empires of the Western Sudan
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African Kingdoms City Dwellers and Villagers Jenne, Timbuktu
The Songhay Kingdom (Capital: Gao) Middle Niger valley Independent by 700 Muslim by 1010 Sunni Ali ( ) expanded territory successors: askia Defeated by Morocco, 1591 Hausa states, northern Nigeria Kano becomes Muslim center E. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditions City Dwellers and Villagers Jenne, Timbuktu thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay Mandinka juula Some merchants Religious diffusion? Farmers the majority
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Swahili Coast The Swahili Coast of East Africa Trading ports
Muslim influence strong Rest of population remains traditional Significangt cultural diffusion and synthesis The Coastal Trading Ports (*Mogadishu*, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar) Don’t need to know, just be familiar Madagascar southeast Asian immigrants, bring bananas, coconuts Blended culture Bantu, Islamic Swahili spreads along coast trade with Asia The Swahili Coast
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Swahili Coast (cont’d)
The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast Islam unifies along with Swahili Other Characteristics Egalitarian and homogenous to cosmopolitan and diverse Key Exports Ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals Key Imports Textiles, Silks, porcelain (China and India) When during the year did this take place? Two distinct “trading seasons” What was the connection between the Swahili Coast and China? When did this exchange with China end?
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