1. Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
Chapter 12

2. What are the earth’s major geological processes and hazards?
Section 12-1
What are the earth’s major geological processes and hazards?

3. The earth is a dynamic planet
Geology - the science devoted to the study of dynamic processes occurring on the earth’s surface and in its interior.

4. Layers of the Earth

5. Major features of the earth’s crust and upper mantle

6. The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates

7. The earth’s major tectonic plates

8. Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries
EURASIAN PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
ANATOLIAN PLATE
CHINA SUBPLATE
JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
CARIBBEAN PLATE
PHILIPPINE PLATE
ARABIAN PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
INDIA PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
COCOS
PLATE
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE
NAZCA PLATE
AUSTRALIAN PLATE
Active Figure 12.4 This map shows the earth’s major tectonic plates. See an animation based on this figure at Question: Which plate are you riding on?
SCOTIA PLATE
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Divergent plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries
Transform faults
Fig. 12-4, p. 278

9. Test 3 Be able to explain tectonic theory
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.

10. Volcanoes A fissure - a central vent or a long crack
Many volcanoes form along the boundaries of the earth’s tectonic plates when one plate slides under or moves away from another plate.

11. Volcanoes Lava - Magma that reaches earth’s surface.
Volcanic activity can release large chunks of lava rock, glowing hot ash, liquid lava, and gases into the environment.

12. Internal pressure in a volcano can cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected

13. How do Volcanoes affect the environment?
Know the gases!
Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ash (pulverized rock and pumice) into the stratosphere to heights of miles above the Earth's surface

14. Earthquakes
An Earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. 

15. Earthquakes
Stress in the earth’s mantle can cause rocks to suddenly shift or break and produce a transform fault, or fracture in the earth’s crust.

16. Earthquakes
When a fault forms or when there is abrupt movement on an existing fault, energy that has accumulated over time is released in the form of vibrations, called seismic waves, causing an earthquake.

17. An earthquake has certain major features and effects
Know!

18. Earthquakes are geological rock-and-roll events
The severity of an earthquake is measured by the magnitude of its seismic waves.

19. Earthquakes
The magnitude is a measure of shaking caused by the earthquake, as indicated by the size of the seismic waves when they reach a seismograph.

20. The Richer Scale Insignificant (less than 4.0 on the Richter scale).
Minor (4.0–4.9).
Damaging (5.0–5.9).
Destructive (6.0–6.9).
Major (7.0–7.9).
Great (over 8.0).

21. Earthquakes on the ocean floor can cause huge waves called tsunamis
A tsunami is a series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops.

22. How a tsunami forms

23. How are the earth’s rocks recycled?
Section 12-2
How are the earth’s rocks recycled?

24. Minerals and Rocks
Mineral -an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust as a solid with a regular internal crystalline structure.

25. Minerals and Rocks
A few minerals consist of a single element such as gold, silver, and diamond (carbon).
Most of the more than 2,000 identified minerals occur as inorganic compounds formed by various combinations of elements, such as salt (sodium chloride or NaCl) and quartzite (silicon dioxide or SiO2).

26. What is rock?
Rock - a solid combination of one or more minerals found in the earth’s crust.

27. Limestone
Some kinds of rock, such as limestone, contain only one mineral while most consist of two or more minerals, such as granite—a mixture of mica, feldspar, and quartz crystals.

28. Granite
mica, feldspar, and quartz

29. Know! Three broad classes:
Sedimentary rock (e.g. sandstone, limestone).
Igneous rock (e.g. granite).
Metamorphic rock (e.g. slate, marble).

30. Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock is made of sediments- dead plant and animal remains and tiny particles of rocks. These sediments are deposited in layers that accumulate over time.

31. Igneous Rock
Igneous rock froms below or on the earth’s surface when magma wells up from the earth’s upper mantle and then cools and hardens. Examples include: granite, lava rock.

32. Igneous Rocks

34. Metamorphic
Metamorphic rock forms when a preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids or a combination of these agents. These forces my transform a rock by reshaping its internal crystalline structure and its physical properties and appearance. Examples include slate (shale) and marble (limestone).

36. Know the differences in the three types of rock.

37. The Rock Cycle

38. The Rock Cycle – Know this picture for test 3!

39. Section 12-3
WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES AND WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING THEM?

40. Mineral resources
Mineral resource - a concentration of naturally occurring material from the earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful products and raw materials at an affordable cost.
Examples are fossil fuels (such as coal), metallic minerals (such as aluminum and gold), and nonmetallic minerals (such as sand and limestone).
Minerals are classified as nonrenewable resources.

41. Ore
Ore - rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral—often a metal—to make it profitable for mining and processing.
High-grade ore contains a large concentration of the desired mineral.
Low-grade ore has a smaller concentration.

42. Aluminum Ore
Aluminum (Al) is used for packaging and beverage cans and as a structural material in motor vehicles, aircraft, and buildings.
Aluminum is found as an ore called Bauxite.

43. Ore
Steel, an essential material used in buildings and motor vehicles, is a mixture (alloy) of iron (Fe) and other elements that are added to give it certain properties.
Copper (Cu), a good conductor of electricity, is used for electrical and communications wiring.
Gold (Au) is used in electrical equipment, tooth fillings, jewelry, coins, and some medical implants.

44. Some environmental impacts of mineral use
Life cycle of a metal—mining, processing, and using it—takes enormous amounts of:
energy and
water
and can disturb the land,
erode soil,
produce solid waste,
pollute the air, water, and soil.
Know!!

45. Each metal resource that we use has a life cycle

46. Harmful effects of extraction, processing, and use of nonrenewable mineral or energy resources
Know!