1. Module 6- Speed, Plyometrics, Tecnhique and Testing

2. Plyometric Mechanics and Physiology
Mechanical Model of Plyometric Exercise
Elastic energy in tendons and muscles is increased with a rapid stretch (as in an eccentric muscle action) and then briefly stored
If a concentric muscle action follows immediately, the stored energy is released, contributing to the total force production
Physiology Model of Plyometrics
Stretch-shortening Cycle

3. Figure 16.2
Adapted, by permission, from Wilk et al., 1993.

4. Table 16.1

5. Figure 16.3

6. Table 16.2

7. Table 16.3

8. Plyometric Program Design
Frequency
Forty-eight to 72 hours between plyometric sessions is a typical recovery time guideline for prescribing plyometrics
Using these typical recovery times, athletes commonly perform two to four plyometric sessions per week
Recovery
Recovery for depth jumps may consist of 5 to 10 seconds of rest between repetitions and 2 to 3 minutes between sets
The time between sets is determined by a proper work-to-rest ratio (i.e., 1:5 to 1:10) and is specific to the volume and type of drill being performed
Drills should not be thought of as cardiorespiratory conditioning exercises but as power training
Furthermore, drills for a given body area should not be performed two days in succession

9. Plyometric Program Design
Volume
For lower body drills, plyometric volume is expressed as contacts per workout (or in distance for bounding drills)
For upper body drills, plyometric volume is expressed as the number of throws or catches per workout
Recommended lower body volumes vary for athletes with different levels of experience

10. Table 16.4

11. Safety Considerations
Pretraining Evaluation of the Athlete
Technique
Before adding any drill, the strength and conditioning professional must demonstrate proper technique to the athlete
Proper landing technique is essential to prevent injury and improve performance in lower body plyometrics
Proper landing technique:
The shoulders are in line with the knees, which helps to place the center of gravity over the body’s base of support

12. Figure 16.6

13. Safety Considerations
Pretraining Evaluation of the Athlete
Strength
For lower body plyometrics, the athlete’s 1RM squat should be at least 1.5 times his or her body weight.
For upper body plyometrics, the bench press 1RM should be at least 1.0 times the body weight for larger athletes (those weighing over 220 pounds, or 100 kg) and at least 1.5 times the body weight for smaller athletes (those weighing less than 220 pounds).
An alternative measure of prerequisite upper body strength is the ability to perform five clap push-ups in a row

14. Safety Consideration Pretraining Evaluation of the Athlete Speed
For lower body plyometrics, the athlete should be able to perform five repetitions of the squat with 60% body weight in 5 seconds or less
To satisfy the speed requirement for upper body plyometrics, the athlete should be able to perform five repetitions of the bench press with 60% body weight in 5 seconds or less

15. Safety Considerations
Pretraining Evaluation of the Athlete
Balance
Three balance tests are provided in table 16.7, listed in order of difficulty
Each test position must be held for 30 seconds. Tests should be performed on the same surface used for drills
An athlete beginning plyometric training for the first time must stand on one leg for 30 seconds without falling
An athlete beginning an advanced plyometric program must maintain a single-leg half squat for 30 seconds without falling

16. Table 16.7