1. Iterative Constructs Review
what is a block? what is special about declaring a variable inside a block?
what is the difference between while and do-while? Can one replace the other?
what does for do? Why is it needed? what is init-statement, expression, post-statement in for? Can for replace while/do-while? is reverse possible?
what is loop variable? Where is it declared in for? What is its scope?
how is break used inside an iterative construct?
what is continue? how is it used?
what is iterate-and-keep-track idiom? what is tracking variable?
what’s a nested iterative construct? what is inner/outer loop? How many loops can be nested in C++?

2. Predefined Functions
library code

3. Name, Return Value, Argument
C++ comes with libraries of code that can be reused in your programs. The code comes in the form of pre-defined functions
what is the program that adds pre-defined functions to your code to produce executable?
function name – identifier distinguishing the function from others;
example – square root function: sqrt
return value - value computed by the function
argument – the value function starts out with;
function accepts arguments of certain type and returns the value of certain type
sqrt accepts and returns double
to use a function, need to specify particular include directive:
to use sqrt #include <cmath>

4. Invocation, Argument Variants
function call (function invocation) – expression consisting of function name followed by arguments in parentheses result = sqrt(9.0); semantics: argument is evaluated, function is executed, return value replaces function invocation
invocation in expression – return value replaces invocation in expression evaluation
result = sqrt(9.0) – myVar*5;
standalone invocation – return value is ignored
srand(55);
argument variants
function may have more than one argument
result = pow(myVar, 55);
an argument is an (arbitrary) expression
result = sqrt(myVar* );
nested function call: use of one function call as argument to another
result = sqrt(abs(myVar));

5. Type Changing Functions
is there a problem with this code?
int a=9, b=2;
double c=a/b;
casting – explicit type conversion
static_cast<type> converts to type
example:
double c=static_cast<double>(a)/b;
wrong application of casting:
double c=static_cast<double>(a/b);
coercion – implicit type conversion
int a=55;
double c = a + 30;
integer expression coerced to double before assignment

6. Random Number Generation
(pseudo) random number generation pre-defined functions are used to create events unpredictable by user (e.g. events in games)
need to include <cstdlib>
generates a series of numbers, numbers within single series are (pseudo) random
srand(seed) – initializes random number generator, needs to be invoked once in the program, no return value
seed – integer, selects the (pseudo) random series
rand() – returns a new integer random number in the series, can be used multiple times in program, no argument
the number is from 0 to MAX_RAND – a named constant declared in <cstdlib>
ranged random idiom: to get a random number in a specific range, take a remainder of that range. Example, random number between 0 and 9 can be obtained as:
int myRandValue = rand() % 10;

7. Selecting Random Series with time()
time(nullptr) – returns number of seconds since 01/01/1970, good for initializing unique series, needs <ctime>
nullptr is there for historical reasons
selecting series
srand(1); - repeats series every time you run your program – good for debugging
srand(time(nullptr)); - selects unpredictable series every time you run your program – good for final compilation
srand() rand() invocation
seed
time()