1. Federalism Definition:
System where power is divided between a national government and state governments – MT 1, LT 2

2. Constitutional Division of Powers
Expressed Powers – certain powers are enumerated or delegated to the national government
Concurrent Powers – some powers are shared by both the states and federal government
Reserved Powers – All other powers are reserved for the individual states

3. State Powers
Full Faith and Credit Clause – states must recognize, honor, and enforce another states actions
Privileges and Immunities Clause – states cannot discriminate against residents of other states or give its own residents special privileges
Tenth Amendment – powers not specifically delegated to the national government are reserved for the states

4. Benefits Prevents abuses of power by the central government
Allows states to experiment with new ideas and solutions
Allows flexibility – states can pass laws that reflect the needs of their citizens
Encourages more political participation

5. Drawbacks Lack of consistency of laws and policies from state to state
Sometimes creates conflict between state and federal officials

6. Types of Federalism

7. Dual Federalism Also called “Layer Cake” Federalism From 1790 – 1933
Fairly strict division of powers
Two levels of government had clearly defined responsibilities
Example: federal government controls interstate commerce, state governments control intrastate commerce

8. Cooperative Federalism
Also called “Marble Cake” Federalism
The Great Depression of the 1930s created the need for greater involvement by the federal government and closer cooperation between the states and national government
National and state governments share some responsibilities
Grants-in-Aid Programs – funds given by the federal government to states for specific programs
New Deal Programs (FDR)

9. Regulated Federalism
Began with Johnson’s Great Society programs of the 1960s
Grants-in-Aid now came with strict regulations as to how the money could be spent
Also led to unfunded mandates – programs and regulations imposed on state and local governments by Congress without adequate funding
States began to resent too much federal control

10. New Federalism
1970s and 1980s saw the beginnings of devolution – returning more power and control to the states
1990s – Congress ended unfunded mandates and turned control of welfare programs to state governments
Block Grants – funds given by the federal government to the states that left states free to decide how best to spend the money