1. Agenda 3/6 and 3/7 Microbiology in industry notes Homework
1. Gram staining video and notes

2. Advantages to Microorganisms
Small
Fast growth rate
Metabolically diverse
Some use glucose for energy, others use CH4
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Can use inorganic compounds for energy

3. Uses of Microorganisms
Industry: food, beer, wine, pharmacetuicals
Agriculture: GMOs, pesticide resistance,
Environmental: bioremediation, water treatment
Medicinal: insulin production, gene therapy, diagnostics

4. Metabolisms of Microorganisms
1. Photoautotrophic- Use sunlight for energy and CO2 as carbon source
2. Photoheterotrophic- Use sunlight for energy and organic compounds (like glucose) as carbon source
3. Chemoautotrophic- Use inorganic compounds (like hydrogen sulfide) for energy and CO2 as carbon source
4. Chemoheterotrophic- Use organic compounds as energy and carbon source

5. Uses of Microorganisms in Industry
Foods: bread, cheese, yogurt, wine, beer
Food additives like amino acids and vitamins
Creation of solvents like rubbing alcohol and acetone
Biofuels like ethanol and methane
Antibiotics and steroid hormones
Biochemical like enzymes and proteins

6. Expert Groups
Each person is responsible for reading up and becoming an ‘expert’ in one example
Fill in the table will all the required information
Then report back to your group and make sure everyone understands your example
1. Antibiotics and Deep Tank Fermentation
2. Citric Acid as Preservative
3. Biogas

7. Antibiotics and Deep Tank Fermenters
Alexander Flemming had mold (Penicillium notatum) grow on a petri dish of bacteria
He noticed that mold inhibited the growth of the bacteria
Today, we need large scale production of antibiotics (fermentation)
Fermenters (large tank) have
The right size, way to mix the microorganisms with substrates, probes to monitor optimum conditions, and ways to prevent contamination
Penicillium chrysogenum is put into the tank without glucose
When the mold is missing glucose (its energy source) it produces Penicillin as a secondary metabolite
When stressed, it produced penicillin to protect itself from other bacteria that may harm it

8. Antibiotics and Deep Tank Fermenters

9. Citric Acid
Citric Acid is a metabolite also produced by mold (Aspergillus niger)
Used as a food preservative and flavor enhancer
Continuous-batch fermentation is used (substrate added and product removed continuously)

10. Biogas Production One option for renewable energy
Uses prokaryotes and archaea (extremophiles discovered by Carl Woese)
Biogas is made of: methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water
4 stages of production- each stage requires specific microorganisms
The last stage, production of methane, requires an archaea species
No oxygen can be in the tank (bacteria used are anaerobic)

11. Biogas Production