1. What is GIS? What are GIS Components?
Introduction to GIS
What is GIS?
What are GIS Components?
Geography has always been important for discovery, planning, commerce and defense for the past 3000 years
Spatial information is more important than where is my friends party of my kids soccer game.
Critical to the food we eat, energy we burn, etc
GIS helps us gather and use spatial data

2. Geographic Information Systems
Definition:
A computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information (Bolstad 2002)
Key to this definition:
Absolute and relative location of features
Properties and attributes of features
Definition:
A computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information (Bolstad 2002)
Key to this definition
Absolute and relative location of features
Properties and attributes of features
It is a:
Tool, a science, a software
It is a marriage between computer cartography and database management
It can model change over time and
It can tell you what is where and why
Other definitions of GIS
A computerized tool for solving geographic problems.
A container of maps in digital form.
A spatial decision support system.
A tool for revealing what is otherwise invisible in geographic information
A tool for automatically performing operations on geographic data.
Systems, science and studies
o such as those in the previous examples
• using the tools of Geographic Information Systems to solve a problem
what does it mean to be "doing GIS"?
o a GIS project might have the following stages:
define the problem
acquire the data
acquire the software (and the hardware?)
interpret and present the results
perform the analysis
clean the database
• data models and database management
o storing/retrieving/manipulating attributes of spatial objects o
o adding to existing geographic information technologies
• helping to build the tools
spatial analyses can be complex and computing-intensive with enormous amounts of data
o thus GIS = Geographic Information Science
• studying the theory and concepts that lie behind GIS and the other geographic information technologies
o helping to invent or develop new ones
o Geographic Information Studies
• Forer and Unwin (1997) add a fourth variant
o are studies of the societal context of geographic information . the legal context . issues of privacy, confidentiality . economics of geographic information

3. El Capitan Climbing routes
GIS will give us the location of MT. Everest and height that is gathered from satellites or other remote sensing instruments.
We can view other info as well, temperatures, snowfall, or climbing routes, this can be stored and visualized using GIS
The user decides what info is important.
A Forestry manager and International paper would use the same baseline map of a forest but would be interested in very different information
Forestry manager would want to know buffer strips near rivers to protect water supply, areas for clearing or needs for control burns downwind air pollution
International paper, wants to maximize growth and yield from a acre of land
El Capitan Rock types

4. Hurricane Katrina From Deidre Sullivan Monterey Peninsula College
GIS used in Hurricane Katrina modeling for flood danger before, during and after storm.
Levee construction and progress monitored using GIS
GIS used during rescue efforts
From Deidre Sullivan
Monterey Peninsula College

5. Other Applications Risk assessment Transportation systems
Natural disasters, disease infection, etc.
Transportation systems
Highways and interstates, subway and bus routes
Infrastructure
Power grids, sewage, water and gas lines
Natural resource management
Resources inventory (what is available at where?)
Network Analysis (How to get to a place in the shortest amount of time?)
Location Analysis (Where is the best place to locate a shopping mall?)
Terrain Analysis (What is the danger zone for a natural disaster? Visibility analysis)
Spatio-Temporal Analysis (Land use: what has changed over the last twenty years, and why?)
Transportation applications
• a state department of transportation needs to
o store information on the state of pavement everywhere on the state highway network
o maintain an inventory of all highway signs
o analyze data on accidents, look for 'black spots'
• a traveling salesperson needs
o a system in the car for finding locations, routes
• a delivery company, e.g. Federal Express, UPS, needs to
o keep track of shipments, know where they are
o plan efficient delivery routes
• a school bus operator needs to
o plan efficient collection routes
• a transit authority needs to
o know where transit vehicles are at all times
studies have shown substantial savings when routes and schedules are managed using GIS
Public Policy applications
Education
Health and Safety
Public Service
Land Use and Transportation interactions
Term Project Example: Measuring Diversity of Land Use Pattern and its Relation to Transportation Mode Choice

6. Geographic Information System
Resolution can vary:
Detailed:
Location of buildings in a city
Individual trees in a forest
Coarse
Population of the Eastern seaboard
Depths of the Atlantic ocean
characteristics often relatively static-- e.g., GPS coordinates of fixed features
natural features and many features of human origin don't change rapidly
. static information is easier to portray on a static paper map
can be very voluminous . a terabyte (1012 bytes) of data is sent from a single satellite in one day
. gigabytes (gigabyte = 109 bytes) of data are needed to describe the US street network
Abstraction--Geometrical Representation
• Model the boundaries of spatial objects (vector data models)
• Point--a single location is enough
MBTA Stops
Is Boston a point?--At different scales or for different purposes, Boston could be a point or polygon.
• Line--only one dimension needs to be represented
Street centerline, MBTA Railroad track, ridgeline, bux route
How does it matter if street is modeled as centerline or as void between blocks?
• Polygon--2D planar surfaces
Cambridge border,<![endif]> central square boundary,census tract, parcel, ...
What about river boundary, edge of ocean (at high tide?)
Beyond planar surfaces - terrain models, 3D CAD models, ...
• Model the space that contains things (raster data models)
30m x 30m grid cells for Landsat image - classified based on predominate land use within each cell
6 inch pixels for color orthophotos developed from aerial photography
3 km x 3km x 1 km (height) volumes for meterological modeling

7. Who does GIS?
From Deidre Sullivan
Monterey Peninsula College

8. GIS Jobs
GIS Analyst I
Visit GIS jobs link

9. Who uses GIS? Public organizations Police and fire dispatch and routes
NYFD
Utilities (gas, cable, and water lines)
Tax assessment and property records
Land management
Why GIS
better administration of geographical data
framework for analyzing spatial problems
easy manipulation of map related information
insight into spatial relationships
Land Parcel Based
Zoning
Land Acquisition (greenways)
Water Quality Management
Facility Management
Utilities (pipes, cables, etc.)
Facility maintenance

10. GIS Applications Scientists NOAA live maps Try a GIS Map
Endangered species
Animal tracking and migration
Fisheries management
NOAA live maps
Try a GIS Map
Natural Resource based
forestry management
wildlife preservation
agricultural land management
wetland preservation
On NOAA live maps visit: Northeast Fisheries Science Center Trawl Data Mapper
Current NRC regulations stipulate a 10 mile evacuation zone around nuclear plants. This is clearly insufficient and 50 miles has been recommended.
Do the demographic map as well
NOAA Mako shark track

11. GIS functions Capture Store Query Analyze Display Output Capture
Paper maps, digital data, coordinates, gps, all together = gis data
Store
Vector (database consisting of points, lines and polygons) or raster formats (grid cells or pixels)
Query
Identifying specific features (what country is this), identify features based on conditions (counties with population greater than 500,000)
Analyze
Proximity (parcels 100 feet from the road), overlay, network analysis (how linear features are connected
Display
Maps, graphs, reports
Output
Paper maps, internet, document (.mxd), image

12. GIS Components Five key components of GIS: Hardware Software Data
People
Method
GIS constitutes of five key components:
Hardware
Software
Data
People
Method
Hardware It consists of the computer system on which the GIS software will run. The choice of hardware system range from 300MHz Personal Computers to Super Computers having capability in Tera FLOPS. The computer forms the backbone of the GIS hardware, which gets it's input through the Scanner or a digitizer board. Scanner converts a picture into a digital image for further processing. The output of scanner can be stored in many formats e.g. TIFF, BMP, JPG etc. A digitizer board is flat board used for vectorisation of a given map objects. Printers and plotters are the most common output devices for a GIS hardware setup. Software GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. GIS softwares in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map, etc. The software available can be said to be application specific. When the low cost GIS work is to be carried out desktop MapInfo is the suitable option. It is easy to use and supports many GIS feature. If the user intends to carry out extensive analysis on GIS, ARC/Info is the preferred option. For the people using AutoCAD and willing to step into GIS, AutoCAD Map is a good option. Data Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data provider. The digital map forms the basic data input for GIS. Tabular data related to the map objects can also be attached to the digital data. A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most organization to maintain their data, to manage spatial data. People GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The people who useGIS can be broadly classified into two classes. The CAD/GIS operator, whose work is to vectorise the map objects. The use of this vectorised data to perform query, analysis or any other work is the responsibility of a GIS engineer/user. Method And above all a successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization. There are various techniques used for map creation and further usage for any project. The map creation can either be automated raster to vector creator or it can be manually vectorised using the scanned images. The source of these digital maps can be either map prepared by any survey agency or satellite imagery.

13. Hardware
• GIS hardware is like any other computer (nothing special about the hardware)
o keyboard, display monitor (screen), cables, Internet connection
o with some extra components perhaps
large monitor, disk drive, RAM
• maps come on big bits of paper
need specially big printers and plotters to make map output from GIS
need specially big devices (digitizers, scanners,...) to scan and input data from maps to GIS
Hardware
A GIS can be operated in either a stand-alone environment or in a distributed processing one in which a series of PCs are connected by a network. The computer processor must have adequate internal memory, while the size and screen resolution must be optimal for the interactive display and editing device. The data input devices used may include a scanner and/or digitizer. Desktop scanners usually have a spatial resolution of 300 to 600 dpi and distinguish 256 gray tones.  The external data storage devices used depend on your required storage needs, access speed, transfer rate and portability, and may include a networked server, hard disks, CD-ROMs and laser or optical disks.  Output devices are principally plotters, CD-Writers and printers.

14. Software Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)
Intergraph Corporation
Autodesk
Caliper: GIS Software, Mapping Software
software
o ESRI ( Environmental Systems Research Institute
o Intergraph Corporation ( )
o Autodesk ( )
o Caliper: GIS Software, Mapping Software ( )
• what is important is the kind of information that's stored and analyzed
o representing and managing information about what is where . the contents of maps and images
o special functions that work on geographic information, functions to: . display on the screen . edit, change, transform . measure distances, areas, proximity, adjacency . combine maps of the same area together
o useful functions can be much more sophisticated . keep inventories of what is where . manage properties, facilities . judge the suitability of areas for different purposes . help users make decisions about pl

15. Supporting Technologies and Disciplines
Geography
Cartography-art of map making
Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry
Surveying
Geodesy
Statistics
Computer Science
Math
Geography
understanding the world and man’s place in it
Cartography-art of map making
display of spatial information
Remote Sensing (define)
images from space and air
source of information for GIS
Photogrammetry
accurate measurement from photographs
Surveying
high quality positional data
Geodesy- shape of the earth
accurate positional data (control points)
Statistics
GIS models are often statistical in nature
Computer Science
e.g. CAD, database management
Math
especially geometry and graph theory
From Deidre Sullivan

16. ESRI ESRI is the world leader in GIS software ArcGIS Desktop Homepage
Training
ArcGIS Desktop
ArcView (Basic)
ArcEditor (Standard)
ArcInfo (Advanced)
…….and desktop extensions (i.e.: spatial analyst)
Go to login screen and have students create a new account
Go to News tab and have students subscribe to a ArcNews (
Desktop GIS
ArcGIS Desktop
ArcGIS desktop provides a collection of software products that create, edit, import, map, query, analyze, and publish geographic information. ArcGIS desktop products include
ArcInfo
ArcEditor
ArcView
ArcReader
ArcGIS Desktop Extensions
ArcGIS desktop products share the same core applications (ArcMap and ArcCatalog), user interface, and development environment so users can share their work with others. Maps, data, symbology, map layers, geoprocessing models (ModelBuilder), custom tools and interfaces, reports, and metadata can be accessed interchangeably.
A wide-ranging suite of optional extensions expands the functional capabilities of these products with specialized GIS tools.
ArcGIS Desktop Products
ArcInfo is the complete GIS product to build a comprehensive desktop GIS. The de facto standard for GIS professionals, ArcInfo provides tools for data integration and management, visualization, spatial modeling and analysis, and high-end cartography. It supports single-user and multi-user editing and automates complex workflows. You can use ArcInfo to gather, build, and manage data, analyze geographic relationships, discover new information, and produce publication-quality maps.
ArcEditor provides advanced editing, data validation, and workflow management tools to maintain the integrity of your data. With ArcEditor, you can author quality maps and perform sophisticated spatial analysis. You can use ArcEditor to manage complex information, automate the editing workflow, and allow multiple users to update the same data simultaneously.
ArcView allows you to visualize, explore, and analyze geographic data, revealing underlying patterns, relationships, and trends. You can use ArcView to create maps, manage your data, and perform spatial analysis.

17. A history of products Arc/Info ArcGIS ArcGIS Desktop Arc ArcMap
Mastering ArcGIS
Chapter 1
A history of products
Arc/Info
ArcGIS
ArcGIS Desktop
Arc
ArcMap
ArcPlot
ArcView 3x
ArcCatalog
ArcEdit
Info/Tables
ArcToolbox
Ptolemy (astronomy and geographer) 2 BC created the first atlases of the world. Used unchained until 15th century relatively unchained
Using these maps Gerhard Mercator published his first map of the world in 1569
Jean Picard creates the degree of longitude in Additional discoveries, include the earth flattening at the poles, adoption of the Prime Meridian in Greenwich England
1859 Gaspard Felix Tournachon starts the art of remote sensing from a balloon with a large format camera
1854 Dr. John Snow mapped Cholera deaths in Central London able to locate the source a contaminated well
Dr. Roger Tomlinson head of a consulting group of Ottawa cartographers created the Canadian Geographic Information System he is the father of GIS
Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and spatial analysis was founded in the mid 1960’s by Howard Fisher.
1970 the US Bureau for the Census produced its first geocoded census
1969 Laura and Jack Dangermond founded the Environmental Systems Research Institute which pioneered linking spatial representations of features with databases. ESRI has over 90% of today’s GIS market
GRID
ArcInfo Workstation
Coverages
Shapefiles
Geodatabases
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price

18. ArcGIS Desktop
Insert image from page 34 of ArcGIS 9

19. ArcGIS Desktop ArcCatalog ArcMap ArcToolbox Mastering ArcGIS Chapter 1
ArcCatalog: database design and data management
ArcMap – map making, editing, spatial analysis
ArcToolbox – opens within ArcCatalog or ArcMap and it is, in essence, a huge toolbox
ArcCatalog
ArcMap
ArcToolbox
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price

20. ArcGIS functionality $$$Advanced
Mastering ArcGIS
Chapter 1
ArcGIS functionality
$$$Advanced
$$Standard
$Basic
Same interface and programs
More tools in the toolbox
Three levels of functionality and cost
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price

21. ArcGIS Extensions
Spatial Analyst
3D Analyst
Publisher/ArcReader
Network Analyst
Maplex
Geostatistical Analyst
Extensions are additional tools and commands that can be added to the core ArcGIS interface
Appear as new toolbars and toolsets in ArcCatalog
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price

22. Licensing Floating point licenses Standalone licenses ArcInfo only
Central server checks out licenses
Requires a dongle and a license file
Standalone licenses
Uses a registration file/ register online
No dongle needed
Available for ArcView and ArcEditor only
Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H. Price