1. Why Is Cancer Therapy Such a Difficult and Often Intractable Effort?
Cancer Genome Landscapes.
Science, Vol. 339, March 29, 2013, pp 1546 – 1548
Bert Vogelstein, Nickolas Papadopoulos, Victor Velculescu, Shibin Zhou, Luis Diaz, Kenneth W. Kinzler
Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore
VogelsteinScience15Apr13.ppt
Updated: April 25, 2016

2. Number of somatic mutations associated with cancers in patients

3. From 5 or 10 to 130 to 700 mutations per tumor

4. (Insertions & deletions)
(Single base substitutions)

6. Signaling
Pathways
Affected
In Cancers

7. Pathway Anomalies in Progression in Colo-Rectal Cancer

8. RTK = receptor tyrosine kinase
The RAS Pathway as a representative signaling pathway affected by cancer mutations and approaches to therapy based on RAS pathway anomalies
RAS-GTP “On” Switch
Mammalian target of Rapamycin
Rapamycin and Analogs