1. 1770
James Cook discovered land in the South Pacific while on a mission with scientist Sir Joseph Banks. He called the new area New South Wales and claimed it for Britain. In this area, Cook navigated along the coast past an area called Botany Bay.
1783
Sir Joseph Banks received an offer of assistance to establish a settlement in New South Wales. He thought Botany Bay would be a good place to set up a colony made up mostly of Americans loyal to Britain. These people wanted to leave America after the United States became independent of Britain, but Britain was too crowded.

2. 1784
The plan for settlement at Botany Bay in New South Wales was changed to include shipping convicted criminals to colonise the area. This was seen as a solution to overcrowded prisons in Britain. The criminals chosen to colonise Australia had skills like farming, building, or other trades.
1787
The first fleet of 11 ships and about 1,530 people set sail for Botany Bay in New South Wales, where they hope to set up a settlement. About half of the hopeful settlers were criminals.

3. 1788
The first British settlement in New South Wales was established at Sydney Cove near Botany Bay. This area offered an excellent harbour and supply of fresh water. The colony was officially proclaimed by the British Governor on 7 February.
Governor Phillip was put in charge of the colony at Botany Bay. He received over 4000 new settlers – most of whom were professional criminals. They were offered rations and clothing, and were directed to land to farm. This arrangement was made as an alternative to prison time in Britain.

4. 1800s
More British ships sent colonists – both convicts and free settlers to expand the colonies throughout the South Pacific. Settlements were set up at Brisbane, Tasmania, New Zealand, Victoria, and West Australia. These became known as “Australian states.”
1901
The states joined together to form the Commonwealth of Australia. This is basically the country as it is known today, and was part of the British Commonwealth, meaning the UK monarchy was at the top of the government.