1. Agenda For Today Notes Treaties and the Native Peoples
Railway Clip: =related
Maps  Possible/Actual CPR Routes
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2. CPR: The National Dream and Pacific Scandal
John A. Macdonald’s dream for Canada
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3. Review From Last Day
During the 1870s, control given to Canadian government
American fur-traders were a threat to Canadian land and to the First Nations (Cypress Hill Massacre)
Firewater (the American Whisky Traders were a threat, Canada responded with the creation of the NWMP)
North West Mounted Police in 1873
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4. 5.4 The National Dream and Pacific Scandal
Treaties and the Native Peoples
John A. Macdonald wanted to open up the west for settlement – to build the CPR.
First Nations stood in the way.
In 1870, the Canadian government negotiated treaties with the FNs.
Over a period of 6 years, the FNs would sign over their land in exchange for:
Farming equipment, supplies and techniques (but they would never receive these as promised)
160 acres of reserve land per family of 5
By 1877, Treaties 1-7 were successfully completed on the prairies.
Macdonald’s goal was to “do away with the tribal system and assimilate the aboriginals”
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5. 7
Map # 2
Treaties signed in Canada by 1877
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6. The dream. The Canadian Pacific Railway
The dream? The Canadian Pacific Railway. It was one of the conditions for BC to join Canada (which we will cover in the next chapter). It was also one of the deciding factors for many provinces when Canada became a dominion. The railway was the modern equivalent to an airplane – it encouraged travel and trade and was necessary for connection and national defense.

7. 5.4 The National Dream Railway Clip
Railway Clip: =related
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8. Who will build the railway?
When BC joined Confederation in 1871, the Canadian Government promised to build a railway to the West coast within 10 years
John A MacDonald had no idea what route the railway would take or how much it would cost. He only knew that he had a dream to make a country that stretched from sea to sea
MacDonald knew that the government did not have the money to complete the project on their own. He decided to offer incentives to wealthy businessmen and owners of other railways to convince them to finance to construction of the railway.
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9. Financial Backing
Backers – people who fund a project with their own money
Underwrite – to finance (pay for the project)
Industrialist – someone who owns or controls an industry
Macdonald needed backers to underwrite the building of railway to help government.
Many industrialists saw Canada as market for goods and wanted access, such as Jay Cooke and Sir Hugh Allan.

10. Who will build the railway?
Jay Cooke
Sir Hugh Allen
Jay Cooke was an American businessman, realized that the Canadian West had lots of potential in terms of making money
Sir Hugh Allen was the only Canadian with enough money to invest in the railway. He had made his money in shipping, manufacturing and railways in eastern Canada

11. Who will build the Railway?
Jay Cook and Sir Hugh Allen joined forces in 1871 and created the Canadian Pacific Railway Company
This company seemed Canadian, but it was actually controlled by Cooke, an American

12. The Pacific Scandal
Page 184 Horizons
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13. The Pacific Scandal
In the summer of 1872 John A MacDonald (leader of the Conservatives) called an election. During the election the Conservatives realized that they needed more money for their campaign.
MacDonald asked Hugh Allan if he could provide money for the campaign. In exchange, MacDonald promised him a guaranteed railway contract.
George Etienne Cartier (associate of Macdonald, yes same man from Confederation) wrote two memos promising Allan the CPR contract.
Why might some people have a problem with this???

14. The Pacific Scandal
The Conservatives won the election just barely, but in 1873, this agreement between MacDonald and Allan was made public.
Because of this deal, the public believed that MacDonald had bought votes. He was forced to resign from office.

15. Political Cartoons Look for size (symbolic) large= important
Symbols: make parallels to political themes.
This cartoon says, “Whether are we drifting?” with Canada throwing herself on John A.’s feet. What does this symbolize?

16. Olympic Example

17. Pacific Scandal Example
Page 185 in your text
Speech bubble reads: I admit I took the money and bribed the electors with it. Is there anything wrong with that?
Bottom reads: we in Canada seem to have lost all idea of justice, honor, and integrity

18. Alexander Mackenzie and that “Damned Railway”
Page 184
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19. Alexander Mackenzie – Canada’s 2nd Prime Minister
In 1873, when MacDonald was forced to resign, Alexander Mackenzie led the Liberals to power.
He thought that the railway was a waste of time and money.
However, he had to continue with the promises that MacDonald had made while he was in power, so he allowed the land survey to continue.
The railway became “expensive trouble” but he still allowed surveyors to continue under Sandford Fleming to find a route across the nation
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20. Sandford Fleming Did you know? Sanford Fleming created Standard Time
Until the 1870s, all times were local, which made a railway schedule difficult. Fleming divided up the globe into 24 time zones, about 15 degrees of latitude each, with all places in each zone observing the same time.
This is why places can be an hour ahead/behind another
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21. British Columbia
Seceding – to withdraw (back out) from a union (it entered in 1871 with promise of a railway in 10 years)
People upset over Mackenzie’s lack of action on promise to build railway
Politicians in BC threatened to secede from Confederation if railway was not built

22. Next Day:
The National Policy
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