1. Plantations in Ireland
What is a Plantation? The English would defeat an Irish clan, confiscate their land, drive off the native people and plant the land with loyal English and Scottish settlers
Before the plantation
The English king considered himself
king of Ireland
But, the English only controlled the
area around Dublin known as the Pale
Woodkerne (Irish soldiers) from
beyond the Pale attacked it
The Old English were disloyal
The Old English and Native Irish were
Catholic

2. Why did English Monarchs want to “plant” Ireland?
To extend control over Ireland beyond the Pale
Because the Irish were Catholic, they might side with Catholic Spain and France against England. The reformation made them enemies.
Because the Irish clans and Old English rebelled against the English, the English wanted to make Ireland loyal
It would be cheaper to plant Ireland with loyal settlers than have to repeatedly send armies
They believed the Irish were uncivilized. They believed English customs and laws were superior
They wanted land to enrich themselves and reward their loyal followers

3. Laois and Offaly Munster Plantation O’ Moores and O’ Connors
Queen Mary
Queen’s County (Laois)
Maryborough town
King’s County (Offaly)
Defeat and confiscation
Only 88 families come
Unable to protect the land because of low numbers
The plantation failed
Munster Plantation
The Fitzgeralds of Desmond
Queen Elizabeth 1
Kerry, Cork, Limerick, Tipperary, Waterford (1/2 million acres)
Desmond Rebellion backed by the Pope and Spain
Undertakers undertake to only rent land to English Protestant settlers and protect them
Spread English customs, law and religion

4. Laois and Offaly failed because
People were too scared of the O Moores & O Connors
They didn’t come and settle
Only 88 families settled
The new landowners had to rent to the Irish
Not enough settlers to protect the plantation from attack
The plantation failed to replace the Irish with loyal English settlers
Munster failed because
Not enough undertakers came to Ireland. Some even sold their estates and returned to England
Very few English came to settle so undertakers had to rent land to native Irish
The Irish constantly attacked the planter and drove them off

5. Results: Even though they failed,
They did build plantation towns like Killarney and Tralee. These were centers of English law, language and customs
They introduced English farming methods and exported to England
The planters who survived became the new Protestant ruling class (the Protestant Ascendancy)

6. Munster: How was the Plantation done? What happened?
Land given to undertakers
Pay rent
Bring in English tenants
Practice Protestant religion
After 7 years, they will be able to defend estates without help
Fitzgeralds, Earls of Desmond
Presidents try to impose English law
Earl of Desmond held prisoner in London
Rebellion in 1560s and 1570s
Defeat
Confiscation ½ million acres
Plantation in estates of 4000, 6000, 8000 and 12,000 acres
Problems
Not enough undertakers
Too few English settlers
In the 9 Years War, the plantation was overrun by the native Irish

7. Results
Plantation towns survived – centers of English law and culture
English farming methods
A new Protestant ruling class – the Protestant Ascendancy
Next The Ulster Plantation is the most important for exams It is a Special Study

8. Ulster Plantation Before The Plantation Ulster is very Gaelic
Brehon law
Catholic
Irish language
Very little English influence
Hugh O Neill, Earl of Tyrone
Red Hugh O Donnell, Earl of Tirconnell
Defeat & Confiscation
English Adventurers seize lands
9 years War
Defeat of the Irish at the Battle of Kinsale 1607
Flight of the Earls
James 1 declare the Earls traitors and confiscates their land
4 million acres in Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Derry, Fermanagh and Tyrone

9. The Plantation Who got Land? Undertakers Servitors
Trusted Irish gentlemen
London guilds (businesses)
The Church of Ireland
The Irish?
The Irish went into the hills, bogs and forests
Bandits called woodkernes or tories
They attacked the planters

10. Groups 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Undertakers undertook (promised) to
Build strongholds with stone castles and enclosed bawns
Build a village
Bring loyal Protestant settlers in from Scotland and England
They were not to take Irish tenants 2.
Servitors were the men who’s served the king as officials or soldiers
They were allowed to take Irish tenants 3.
Trusted Irish Gentlemen
Irish chiefs rewarded for siding with the English
Estates of 1000 acres
Twice the rent paid by undertakers
Groups 4.
London Guilds
London Derry & Coleraine
Walled Plantation towns with diamond market place at centre 5.
Church of Ireland (Protestant)

11. Results of the Ulster Plantation
Long-term Results
Politics
Religion
Culture
Short Term
Success (80,000 planters)
English farming methods and new industries like linen lead to prosperity
Plantation towns like London Derry – centers of English trade, law, defense and culture

12. Long Term Results
Politics
The dispossessed Irish become republicans
The planters become loyalists
Northern Ireland is still part of Britain
Religion
Scots Presbyterians and Irish Catholics dislike each other
This is called sectarian hatred.
Catholics feel Irish. Protestants feel British
Culture
Plantation replaced the Irish language, law and customs with British
Today, nationalists play Irish sports, learn Irish language
Today, loyalists parade t celebrate the defeat of Catholics

13. Cromwell Plantation Background Reasons Civil war in England
King Charles 1 is executed
Lord Protector is Oliver Cromwell
Reasons
Revenge for the killing of Protestants during the rebellion in 1641
Cromwell hated Catholics
Irish Catholics had supported the king in the civil war
Cromwell needed land to pay soldiers and adventurers

14. What you need to know about Cromwell in Ireland
Cromwell arrives with his army
His aim is to dispossess the Irish of their land
He passes the Act of Settlement 1652
Catholic landowners who supported the king lost all their land
Any Catholic who couldn’t prove he’s been loyal lost all their land
They could go ‘To Hell or to Connacht’
Their land was given to Cromwell’s soldiers and adventurers

15. Cromwell hoped to remove Catholics to Connacht. It didn’t work.
Results
Cromwell hoped to remove Catholics to Connacht. It didn’t work.
Many English adventurers sold their estates and left
Some soldiers married Catholics
Only Catholic landowners moved: labourers stayed and worked for the new landowners
After Cromwell, over 70% of the land was in Protestant hands

16. Overall Results of all the Plantations
Look back at Ireland before the Plantations (English control was in the Pale only)
Ireland was now firmly in English hands
Most of the land was in loyal English or Scottish (Protestant) hands
There was now a new Protestant Ascendancy who would rule Ireland for the next 200 years
Penal Laws persecute Catholics and keep them poor