1. Evolution Study Guide

2. 1. Air could enter the flasks, but no microorganisms could enter.
2. After Needham boiled the broth, microorganisms entered from the air.
3. Redi
4. The broth in Flask A became cloudy, and the broth in Flask B remained clear (no generation).

3. 5. Gene pool of a population
6. incorrect – based on ability to pass on genes to future generations, which is not necessarily based on physical strength.
7. incorrect – dominant and recessive refer to patterns of inheritance, not to the fitness conferred by the phenotype.

4. 8. incorrect – an advantage in one environment is not necessarily an advantage in another environment.
9. correct
10. incorrect – individuals don’t evolve; populations evolve.
11. correct
12. Organic molecules could form from inorganic substances.

5. 13. They can make their own food.
14. It is heritable (can be passed on), varies among individuals, and influences individuals’ reproductive success.
15. A few roaches had pesticide resistance due to natural variability within the population.

6. 16.
A. directional – results in the shift of the phenotype in one direction. The corn’s oil content consistently increases.
B. You must have a large number of corn plants. Plants with a high oil content will be planted for the experiment. Selecting corn kernels from ears that showed the least variation in oil levels would have increased the likelihood that the kernels selected to plant also contained high oil levels. After growing the plants and collecting the ears of corn, they measured oil content of some kernels from each ear. Each generation, the researchers continued to plant kernels coming from ears of corn with the highest oil levels.

7. 17. Tropical biodiversity takes a great deal of time.
18. A. – Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired traits states that traits an organism acquires during its lifetime, whether through use or disuse, can be passed on to its offspring. Darwin’s theory of evolution includes: organisms vary within a population; more offspring are born than can live; competition exists within a population; those that survive and reproduce pass their traits to their offspring; over time, pop. will become better adapted to its environment. (book, p )

8. 18.b.
Lamarck
Darwin
Iguanas began by swimming in the ocean, eating algae on ocean’s bottom
This behavior allowed them to survive in the cold salt water
Able to pass traits to offspring
Offspring inherit the traits and add new ones, allowing their offspring to be better adapted to the ocean
A few local land iguanas had traits that allowed them to survive by swimming in ocean and eating algae
These survived and reproduced more than iguanas who couldn’t swim
The iguanas that lived the longest and reproduced the most passed more traits to their offspring
Offspring inherited traits over many generations allowing the population to adapt to marine environment

9. 19. Courtship: songs to attract mates; Migration: knowing migration routes, when to migrate, coming back “home”
20. Green are more likely to survive and reproduce.
21. They can produce fertile offspring.
22. 2 species – Fish A & C are a species; Fish B is a different species

10. 23.
A. Allopatric speciation: new species arise in geographically isolated populations. Sympatric speciation: new species arise within the same range of the original population. Allopatric and sympatric speciation differ in the manner in which gene flow is interrupted.
B. Scenario 1: Allopatric speciation
Geographic isolation is a necessary condition for allopatric speciation to occur. In Scenario 1, the lake containing the small population of fish was cut off when the climate began to change, which constitutes geographical isolation.

11. B. Scenario 2 – Sympatric Speciation
Sympatric speciation occurs within the same range of the original habitat. In Scenario 2, the two populations are said to continue to occupy the same habitat, which would indicate that this is an example of sympatric speciation.

12. 24. geographic isolation
25. The size of the males is a reproductive advantage.
26. directional
27. disruptive selection
28. Larger horses produced a slightly greater number of surviving offspring.
29. Organism 1
30. Whales with shorter hind limbs swam faster than those with longer hind limbs.

13. 31.
A.) When scientists compare molecular evidence such as nucleotide sequences of DNA or amino acid sequences of proteins, they identify organisms that have similar sequences. B) These mammals are grouped together because they share a common ancestor. They evolved different physiological and anatomical traits over time as the descendants of the common ancestor diversified into different habitats and niches.

14. 32.
A. Organisms that are more closely related—those who share a more recent common ancestor—share a higher proportion of homologous structures. These structures are usually of the same embryological origin, and are organized in the same manner in related organisms, though significant differences may be present.
B. In this cladogram, all organisms to the right (or above) a specific labeled horizontal line possess all of the traits to the left (or below) the line. The line representing bony skeleton is between sharks and trout. Therefore, starfish and sharks do not have bony skeletons, but trout, salamanders, turtles, eagles, and rabbits do have bony skeletons.

15. C. Snakes have radial embryonic cell division, vertebrae, a bony skeleton, and it produces eggs with amniotic fluid. These are all traits also shared by turtles. Snakes do not have hair or a four-chambered heart. These traits are shared only by eagles and rabbits. Snakes do not have limbs. However, snakes must be placed in the highest (most restricted) grouping in which they share a characteristic, so the presence of the amniotic egg requires them to be grouped with turtles.
D. Organisms that are more closely related—those who share a more recent common ancestor—share more similar genetic sequences (DNA or RNA) or more similar amino acid sequences in their proteins than do less closely related organisms. Therefore, snakes will have DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences more similar to those of turtles than any other animal listed in this cladogram.

16. 33. mutations
34. Some organisms survived the initial impact and adapted to new food sources and habitats.
35. punctuated equilibrium