1. Understanding Back-End Systems
Chapter 9

2. Front-End Systems
Front- end systems are those processes with which a user interfaces, and over which a customer can exert some control.
For an e-business, front-end systems are the Web site processes that customers use to view information and purchase products and services.

3. Back-End Systems
Back-end systems are those processes that are not directly accessed by customers.
Back-end systems include the business’s ERP and CRM systems that handle the accounting and budgeting, manufacturing, marketing, inventory management, distribution, order-tracking, and customer support processes.

4. Front & Back-End Systems

5. Integrating the “ends”
Online sales transactions are the heart of an e-business’s operations.
The sales and payment information gathered from online sales transactions must be integrated with other back-end processes

6. Online Transaction Processing

7. Legacy System Integration
There are several issues involving the integration of Web site systems with existing system (legacy systems):
Real-time requirements
Security
Technology Issues

8. Business Records Maintenance
All businesses must keep records.
Records of orders, payment and delivery, and customer data are necessary, and various regulations or laws require transaction records, such as sales tax records.

9. Business Records Maintenance
Records must be retained to meet regulator requirements. Regulations vary by purpose and by jurisdiction.
Primary records include those records that provide supporting documentation for the key activities of an e-business, including sales, order fulfillment, and payment activities.
Secondary records include important information generated from e-business activities but not used in daily operations.

10. Backup and Disaster Recovery
Most of the time things run well, but sometimes:
Computers “crash”; Hardware or software fails.
“Mother Nature” happens: hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados…..
The firm must have in place procedures to backup and restore key data.

11. Backup and Disaster Recovery
Some firms go to the extent of having backup data centers.
If you outsource your web and internet services, be sure to review your vendor’s policies and plans for disaster recovery.

12. Disaster Recovery Plans
Disaster Recovery Plans address several issues:
Access to telephones and communication lines
Scaled-down functional servers
Networking software and hardware
Relevant data and databases
Network configuration information

13. Disaster Recovery Plans
Emergency duty rosters
Procedure for notifying employees where to report following a disaster
Contact information and building blueprints and specifications provided to police and fire departments
Emergency service agreements with outside electrical, telephone, and internet service providers

14. Order Fulfillment
Order fulfillment, may be the most critical part of an e-business’s operations.
Failure to handle the order fulfillment process well can result in unhappy customers and bad-will.
Fulfillment issues include inventory management, order picking and packaging, and shipping.

15. Inventory Management Many issues: How is inventory stored?
How is inventory arranged?
His is inventory movement tracked?

16. Order Picking
Firms that manage their own inventory have to manage an number of issues in addition to tracking and storage.
Picking the correct items is a key element.
Mis-picks are expensive

17. Shipping and Delivery
There are many shipping options from the post office to UPS to currier services such as FedEx.
Many approaches to pricing shipping costs:
Build into cost of product.
Charge as a % of order.
Charge actual rate.
Charge flat fee.

18. Shipping and Delivery Customers may be price sensitive.
Customer options for delivery method may make sense.
Customers sometimes shop for best price of goods including shipping costs.

19. Returns Processing
Most firms have a significant return rate; 10% typical.
Issues:
How to facilitate the customer return
How to minimize returns in the first place
How to resell or dispose of returned goods.

20. Return Services

21. International Shipping
Adds a layer of problems.
Different shipping companies may be used.
Additional paperwork needed for Customs clearances.
Customs duties or taxes may be incurred.
Export controls may effect transactions depending on the product and country of destination.

22. Outsourcing Fulfillments Management
Outsourcing order fulfillment may be cost effective.
Many large firms outsource at least part of fulfillment process.
May be combined with shipping services.

23. Choosing a Fulfillment House
Maintain adequate inventory levels to satisfy anticipated demand
Maintain a high order-fill rate (the percentage of orders that get filled on the same day)
Have a reasonable cutoff time for orders to be filled the same day

24. Fulfillment House Issues:
Use a variety of well-known shipping companies
Support real-time communication to the e-business on the status of inventories and orders, instead of simple batch processing
Add additional value by providing the option of credit card processing and customer service on behalf of the e-business

25. Virtual Inventory
As an alternative to holding inventory either in-house or outsourcing, some firms maintain virtual inventory.
The wholesaler keeps the inventory and ships on the order to the end consumer.