1. Prevention & Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
OIE / JICA / NAHPIC Joint workshop
On Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza & other TADs
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
4-6 October 2006
Shiro Yoshimura
Japan/OIE HPAI Special Trust Fund Programme Coordination Office

2. Subjects What’s OIE ? What’s HPAI ? HPAI outbreaks in this region
Avian Influenza in International Animal Health Code ( you can see what are important in the prevention and control of HPAI. )
Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme for Highly Pathogenic Influenza Control at Source in Southeast Asia
Cambodia & TADs

3. What’s OIE ?

4. The OIE World Organisation for Animal Health
(Office International des Epizooties)
An intergovernmental organisation
operating expenses are paid by member country contributions
Founded in 1924
167 Member Countries
Delegates are Chief Veterinary officers (CVO)
Headquarters in Paris

5. The OIE’s objectives
Ensure transparency in global animal health situation
Collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary information
Contribute expertise and encourage coordinated approach to disease outbreaks
Improve veterinary services
Within its WTO mandate, safeguard world trade through animal health standards
Animal welfare and animal production food safety

6. TADs and Philosophy

7. TADs and Philosophy TAD : Trans-boundary animal diseases
They cross boundaries even though they do have no feet. Human factors tend to be responsible for most of outbreaks.
Diseases are coming into and going out of your country.
Philosophy
There are proverbs
that Be kind and sincere to others, and the kindness and sincerity come back to you from others, and
that Know yourself and have a good knowledge of an enemy, you will never lose any battle.

8. What’s HPAI ?

9. HPAI Disease Profile
Repeated outbreaks since late 2003 and Viruses holding a foothold and circulating, in the Region
Threatening risks to human and animal health
Socio-economic impacts and Spread to new countries and re-emerging (including roles of migratory birds)
Impediment to trade
Bio-security (animal production systems; backyard, wet-markets, multi-species raising, etc.)
Gaps between legislation and its enforcement (Needs for Capacity Building and Improvement of relevant infrastructures and resources of National Veterinary Services)
Communication with producers and other stakeholders
Strategic vaccination (as a supplementary tool in at-high risk countries)

10. Avian Influenza & Smallpox
Range of Susceptible
Animals
Wide
Poultry
( domesticated or wild )
Narrow
Only human
Protectivity of Vaccine
Not necessarily high
High
Disease management policy
Not easy to eradicate
Focus on early detection & control
Eradicated

11. Analysis of the global AI situation
Pandemic potential
There is a correlation between high viral load circulating in animals and the environment and the potential for a dangerous viral re-assortment or mutation.
All countries of the world should have efficient veterinary services in order to prevent entry of the disease, to allow early detection and a rapid response, in collaboration with partners.
Mechanisms set up to control AI situation are equally applicable for the control of other emerging and re-emerging animal diseases.

12. Reducing the threat at source to its minimum
A rapid reduction of the viral load and its circulation in domestic poultry
Early detection and transparent notification
Appropriate national chain of command
Ensure surveillance in domestic poultry and wild birds
Rapid response
rapid confirmation of suspect cases
containment
Humane slaughter
Resort to vaccination if necessary
Good governance, legislation, policies and resources, in line with OIE international standards on quality of VS

13. HPAI outbreaks in this region

14. UPDATE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA IN ANIMALS (TYPE H5), as at 4 September 2006
Location
Virus type
Most recent report
remarks
Cambodia
H5N1
04 / 09 / 2006
China (People's Rep. of)
15 / 08 / 2006
Hong Kong
20 / 03 / 2006
Indonesia
24 / 08 / 2006
Laos
04 / 08 / 2006
Malaysia (peninsular)
18 / 06 / 2006
Mongolia
28 / 07 / 2006
Myanmar
Thailand
02 / 08 / 2006
Vietnam
29 / 08 / 2006

15. Avian Influenza in International Animal Health Code
( you can see what are important
in the prevention and control of HPAI. )

16. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(1)
Definition of the disease : an infection of poultry caused by any influenza A virus of
the H5 or H7 subtypes
any AI virus with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) greater than 1.2 or at least 75% mortality in 4-to 8-week-old chickens infected intravenously

17. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(2)
Criteria for the NAI (notifiable Avian Influenza )status of a country, a zone or a compartment
the outcome of a risk assessment identifying all potential factors for NAI occurrence and their historic perspective;
NAI is notifiable in the whole country, an on-going NAI awareness programme is in place, and all notified suspect occurrences of NAI are subjected to field and, where applicable, laboratory investigations;
appropriate surveillance is in place to demonstrate the presence of infection in the absence of clinical signs in poultry, and the risk posed by birds other than poultry; this may be achieved through an NAI surveillance programme in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9.

18. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(3)
NAI free country, zone or compartment
A country, zone or compartment may be considered free from NAI when it has been shown that neither HPNAI nor LPNAI infection has been present in the country, zone or compartment for the past 12 months, based on surveillance in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9.
Regaining of NAI free status by a previously free country, zone or compartment
In the case of HPNAI infections, 3 months after a stamping-out policy (including disinfection of all affected establishments) is applied, providing that surveillance in accordance with Appendix  has been carried out during that three-month period.

19. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(4)
When importing day-old live poultry from an NAI free country, zone or compartment, Veterinary Administrations should require for the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that:
the poultry were kept in an NAI free country, zone or compartment since they were hatched;
the poultry were derived from parent flocks which had been kept in an NAI free country, zone or compartment for at least 21 days prior to and at the time of the collection of the eggs;
if the poultry or the parent flocks were vaccinated, vaccination was carried out in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9., and the relevant information is attached.

20. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(5)
When importing hatching eggs from an NAI free country, zone or compartment, Veterinary Administrations should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that:
the eggs came from an NAI free country, zone or compartment;
the eggs were derived from parent flocks which had been kept in an NAI free country, zone or compartment for at least 21 days prior to and at the time of the collection of the eggs;
if the parent flocks were vaccinated, vaccination was carried out in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9., and the relevant information is attached.

21. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(6)
When importing live poultry (other than day-old poultry ) from an NAI free country / zone / compartment, Veterinary Administrations should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that:
the poultry showed no clinical sign of NAI on the day of shipment;
the poultry were kept in an NAI free country, zone or compartment since they were hatched or for at least the past 21 days;
the required surveillance has been carried out on the establishment within at least the past 21 days;
if vaccinated, the poultry have been vaccinated in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9., and the relevant information is attached.

22. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(7)
When importing fresh meat of poultry from an NAI free country, zone or compartment, Veterinary Administrations should require the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that the entire consignment of fresh meat comes from birds:
which have been kept in an NAI free country, zone or compartment since they were hatched or for at least the past 21 days;
which have been slaughtered in an approved abattoir and have been subjected to ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections for NAI with favourable results.

23. Avian Influenza In International Animal Health Code(8)
Regardless of the NAI status of the country, zone or compartment of origin, Veterinary Administrations should require for meat products of poultry the presentation of an international veterinary certificate attesting that:
the commodity is derived from fresh meat which meet the requirements of Articles  or  ; or
the commodity has been processed to ensure the destruction of NAI virus in accordance with Appendix 3.6.5.;
the necessary precautions were taken to avoid contact of the commodity with any source of NAI virus.

24. Decontamination Procedure
Items to be disinfected
Disinfectant/chemical/Procedures
Live birds
Euthanase
Carcasses
Bury or burn
Animal housing / equipments
1,2,3 ( key in next page )
Humans 1
Electrical equipments 5
Water
Drain to pasture where possible
Feed
Bury
Effluent, manure
Bury or burn ; 4,3
Human housing
1,2
Machinery, vehicles
1,3
Clothing
1,2,3

25. Keys in decontamination
Disinfectants / chemicals
keys
Soaps and detergents
Leave in contact for 10 minutes
Oxidising agents
Sodium hypochlorite : liquid, dilute to final 2-3% available chlorine, not good for organic materials minutes contact time
Calcium hypochlorite : solid or powder, dilute 2-3% available chlorine (20 g/litre powder, 30 g/litre solid) not good for organic materials minute contact time
Vircon : 2% (20 g/litre), 10 minute contact time
Alkalis (do not use with alminium and similar alloys)
Sodium hydroxide (NAOH) : 2% (20 g/litre), 10 minute contact time
Sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na2co3.10H2O) : 4%(40g/litre from powder, 100 g/litre from crystals), recommended for use in presence of organic materials as above, minute contact time
Acids
Hydrochoric acid (HCL) : 2%(20ml/litre), corrosive, use only when other chemicals are not available
Citric acid : safe for clothes and body decontamination. 30 minute contact time
Formaldehyde gas
Toxic, only if others cannot be used h exposure time.

26. Diagnosis
What are important ?
Accurate
Less time consuming

27. Diagnosis of Avian Influenza (1)Identification of the agent
Take samples of faeces, cloacal swabs, oropharyngeal swab
Place in isotonic phosphate buffered saline(PBS), pH with antibiotics
Inoculation of the supernatant into embryonated SPF fowl eggs and incubation
Confirmation of the presence of AI virus by agar gel immunodifusion (AGID) tests, HI test, RT-PCR and others.

28. Diagnosis of Avian Influenza (2) Assessment of pathogenicity
A HPAI virus is defined as one of the two following methods in terms of pathogenicity in chickens.
Any influenza virus that is lethal for six (75%), seven or eight of eight 4-to 8 week old susceptible chickens within 10 days following intravenous inoculation with 0.2ml of a 1/10dilution of a bacteria-free, infective allantoic fluid.
Any virus that has an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) greater than 1.2 as a result of
i) intravenous injection of fresh infective allantoic fluid to ten 6-week-old SPF or SNA chickens,
ii) clinical assessment at 24-hour intervals and scoring clinical signs of each chicken ( 1: sick, 2: severely sick, 3: dead, IVPI is the mean score per bird per observation over the 10-day period.)

29. Diagnosis of Avian Influenza (3) Serological tests
Agar gel immunodiffusion test
Haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition tests
ELISA test
With the entry of newly developed tests including antigen detection(Directigen), and direct RNA detection (RT-PCR)

30. Importance for the prevention and control of HPAI indicated by OIE Code
< requirement to demonstrate past 12 month freedom, or 3 month freedom after a stamping-out >
Diagnostic capacity building
Surveillance
Improvement of strategies, laws / regulations
Provision of necessary materials
Training & review for immediate response
Coordination & cooperation
＊　With Other ministries, local governments
　　　　＊　With farmers & consumers ( public awareness )

31. Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme
for Highly Pathogenic Influenza Control
at Source in Southeast Asia

32. Activities of the Programme (OIE component)
To encourage the improvement of regional and national HPAI control strategies including the development of contingency plans
To collect, analyse and disseminate Technical information to further strengthen regional early warning systems
To strengthen diagnostic capacity of regional collaborating laboratories and national reference/diagnostic laboratories for HPAI including the holding of training courses on advanced HPAI diagnosis and installment of high performance diagnostic equipment and materials
To hold training courses for field veterinarians and para-professionals on HPAI strategic surveillance
Budget: About 8 million US$

33. Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme for AI Control
Government of Japan
OIE Paris (HQ)
Regional Meetings with CVOs and other national officers for initiation and evaluation of activities
OIE Tokyo
OIE Project Coordinator in Bangkok
Regional Level
Development of Regional Strategies including contingency plans, information sharing for early warning
Capacity building:
Software; Support to Control Strategy Development, Capacity building of diagnosis and surveillance, etc., Training for veterinarians and para-professionals on strategic surveillance (meetings, hands-on workshops, etc.)
Hardware; Provision of laboratory diagnostic equipment and materials for capacity building
Development of Epidemiology Information Systems (computer software)
National Level
Development of National Strategies and Training

34. Cambodia & TADs TAD T(B)AD long borders with Thailand, Lao and Vietnam
difficulties in movement control
No way but long-term measures
Capacity building & quick response
Public Awareness
Japanese song
1 step forward a day , 3 steps on the 3rd day, then 2 steps backward, but still 1 step ahead of the start line

35. Thank you for your attention
World Organisation for Animal Health
12 rue de Prony
75017 Paris, France
Tel: 33 (0)
Fax: 33 (0)
Courriel :
Contact for more information