1. Work

2. Energy: The ability to do work
Work and energy are:
scalar values
measured in N·m or Joules (J)

3. Energy: The ability to do work
Work has many different meanings. In physics we define it as either:
A change in energy
The product of force and distance.
W = ∆E
W = Fd
Here W can mean the total work, the sum of the work done by many forces.
In general, work can be found from the area under a force-displacement graph.

4. In physics we talk about “work” being done on an object.
Ex.
If I hold a 30 kg weight at a height of 1.5 m, I’m using energy, therefore I’m doing work.
However the work is not being done to the weight, it is being done on my muscles.
Think of it like this: though I am exerting a force on the weight, its distance travelled is zero, therefore no work is done on it.

5. When an object is lifted against gravity the formula:
Ex. If I were to lift the 30.0 kg weight up off the ground to a height of 1.5 m, how much work would be done on the weight?
When an object is lifted against gravity the formula:
W = Fd
becomes:
Where:
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
W = mgh

6. The force used in W = Fd is the applied force, not the net force.
Ex. A 10.0 kg pumpkin is moved horizontally 5.00 m at a constant velocity across a level floor using a horizontal force of 3.00 N. How much work is done in moving the pumpkin?
The force used in W = Fd is the applied force, not the net force.

7. NO DISTANCE MEANS NO WORK DONE ON THE OBJECT.
Ex. A 3.0 kg pineapple is held 1.2 m above the floor for 15 s. How much work is done on the pineapple?
NO DISTANCE MEANS NO WORK DONE ON THE OBJECT.

8. Ex. A 50. 0 kg banana box is pulled 11
Ex. A 50.0 kg banana box is pulled 11.0 m along a level surface by a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the floor of 35o and the tension in the rope is 90.0 N, how much work is done on the box?
Use only the component of the force that is in the direction of motion.

9. Since W = ∆E, Work can be NEGATIVE!
Ex. A 1385 kg car traveling at 61 km/h is brought to a stop while skidding 42 m. What is the work done on the car by frictional forces?
Since W = ∆E, Work can be NEGATIVE!

10. Kinetic Energy

11. Kinetic Energy: Energy of moving objects.
Scalar value
Measured in Joules (J)
Where:
m = mass
v = speed
Ek = ½mv2

12. Example
A 60.0 kg student is running at a uniform speed of 5.70 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the student?

13. Example
The kinetic energy of a 2.1 kg rotten tomato is 1.00 x 103 J. How fast is it moving?

14. The Work Energy Theorem
If a net force acts on an object then it must be accelerating.
This acceleration is proportional to its change in kinetic energy.
Therefore:
W = Fnetd = ∆Ek

15. Example
A sprinter exerts a net force of 260 N over a distance of 35 m. What is his change in kinetic energy?

16. Example
A student pushes a 25 kg crate which is initially at rest with a force of 160 N over a distance of 15 m. If there is 75 N of friction, what is the final speed of the crate?

17. Power

18. Power is the rate of doing work.
Power and work are often thought of as being the same thing.
However, when we talk about work we are not concerned with time.
Power measured in J/s or Watts (W):
P = W = ΔE
t t

19. Example:
Lover’s Leap is a 122 m vertical climb. The record time of 4 min 25 s was achieved by Dan Osman (65 kg). What was his average power output during the climb?

20. Example:
A 1.00x103 kg car accelerates from rest to a velocity of 15.0 m/s in 4.00 s. Calculate the power output of the car. Ignore friction.

21. Another useful formula…
Since: P = W = Fd t t And: v = d t Therefore:
P = Fv

22. Example:
A student uses 140 N to push a block up a ramp at a constant velocity of 2.2 m/s. What is their power output?
Note that this formula is only useful when moving at a constant velocity.