1. PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARISING
OUR SESSIONS TOPIC
PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARISING
Conducted by: MD.SHAFI-UL- ALAM

2. Paraphrasing means what?
paraphrase  (ˈpærəˌfreɪz)
Expression of a statement or text in other words, esp in order to clarify
To put (something) into dissimilar words; restate (something)
From Latin paraphrasis,  from Greek paraphrazein - to recount

3. Paraphrasing means…
Paraphrasing is to rewrite other’s arguments using your own words,
Phrasing and interpreting it in your own way without conceptual change

4. What and why?
A restatement (rewording )of a text or passage giving the meaning in another form, as for clearness
To render the meaning easier to understand
To rewrite a technical paper for lay readers.

5. How to paraphrase? Change the vocabulary
Reorganize the structure of the argument
Cite the author directly, for example:
Halliday (1978) claims that children develop their language by interacting with those around them.

6. Paraphrasing Example…
Mr. Latif’s idiosyncrasies supply adequate justification for terminating her employment status
Mr. Latif ’s peculiar conducts justify firing him

7. Paraphrasing Example
This machine has a tendency to develop excessive and unpleasant audio symptoms when operating at elevated temperature.
This machine tends to get noisy when it runs hot.

8. Paraphrasing …
This antiquated mechanism is ineffectual for an accelerated assembly-line operation.
This old system will not work on a fast assembly line.

9. Paraphrasing : Some helpful guidelines
As you study and write your notes, don't copy chunks of text directly out of the book,
Always write your study notes in your own words, and note which book or article your notes were drawn from.

10. Paraphrasing :Helpful guidelines….
Once you have taken notes from the original source, work only from your notes
Put the original article or book away.
Check your writing against the books and articles you are using as sources.
If the words you've written are too similar to the original, you should try to revise your own wording.

11. CONSTRUCTING THE CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)-3
In your written assignments you will need to refer to the ideas of others, for example, the leading scholars in your subject area.
The most common way of referring to the ideas of another writer is by indirect quotation or paraphrasing them.

12. Advantages of paraphrasing
Direct quotation, where you use another writer's exact words, is difficult and may involve risk
Paraphrasing blends more easily with your own ideas and makes a piece of writing more coherent

13. Advantages of using paraphrase…
Paraphrasing enables you to express another writer's ideas in a way which more closely supports your own argument
Paraphrasing enables you to express another's ideas and views more concisely

14. Source text:
Governments have interests in companies for a variety of reasons. Firms provide the economic basis of the society and are both nourished and regulated by government with the intent of keeping the economy healthy enough to sustain the society and, of course, the government. Government may attempt to control the harms of business activity to other members of society. In some societies, government runs the economy via central planning mechanisms and state ownership of enterprise.

15. Paraphrase -1
Governments can have a wide range of interests in companies, from supporting them in order to help the economy, to regulating them in order to stop them harming the rest of society.

16. Paraphrase -2
Governments have interests for a variety of reasons. They are both nourished and regulated by government, in order to keep the economy healthy enough to sustain society. On the other hand, government may also attempt to control the harms of business activity to others in society. In some countries there is a centralized economy, which the government runs.

17. SUMMARY WRITING

18. Summarising in practical perspective
The driver: “ Excuse me !“ "Yes“ the woman replies, "I wonder if you could tell me how I get to the Hospital from here?" "Of course, you keep going down this road for about half a mile and come to some traffic lights. Turn left there and carry on for about a mile. You’ll probably see it before you need to turn off again anyway but about a mile along from there is a right hand turning with big signs outside so you can’t miss it, showing you the entrance to the Hospital." "Ok so that’s keep going for half a mile, turn left at the traffic lights, carry on for a mile and then turn right and it is well signposted at that point anyway. Is that right?" "That’s it you’ve got it."

19. Summary skills in every day life
To answer “what was the movie about?”
or “how did the game go?”
or “what did I miss in class today?” you must be able to summarize. 
Your questioner doesn't want to know every line and each action in the movie, every detail of the game, or every word from class 

20. Summary skills in every day life….
the question asks you to select the important details and summarize them. 
Similarly, when you summarize a text you need to be able to find the important data and then present it as clearly and concisely as possible. 

21. How to define a Summary?
A summary is condensed version of a larger reading. 
A summary is not a rewrite of the original piece and must not be long
It briefly expresses in different wording the main idea and relevant details of the piece you have read.  

22. Guiding Tips for Summarization
Include important data-omit minor points
Include one or more of the author’s examples or illustrations (these will bring your summary to life)
Do not include your own ideas, illustrations, metaphors, or interpretations. 

23. Passage for Summary
If someone murders someone else, they have given up their human rights, including the one to stay alive themselves. The punishment should 'fit the crime' -if you have killed someone, you should be killed too. Giving a killer the death sentence will stop them - and others - doing it again.The very small chance of executing the wrong person is balanced by the benefits to society of putting off other murderers.

24. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
Look upon yourself as a summarizing machine
Mind,you are simply repeating what the source  text says, in fewer words and in your own words. 
But the fact that you are using  your own words does not mean that you are including your own ideas

25. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading
What was it about and what did the author want to communicate? 

26. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
While reading the original work, take note of what or who is the focus
Ask the usual questions that reporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? 
Using these questions to examine what you are reading can help you to write the summary more easily

27. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
Sometimes, the central idea of the piece is stated in the introduction or first para,
The supporting ideas of this central idea are presented one by one in the following paragraphs.
Always read the introductory paragraph thoughtfully and look for a thesis statement. 

28. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
Finding the thesis statement is like finding a key to a locked door
Frequently, however, the thesis, or central idea, is implied or suggested. 
Thus, you may need to work harder to figure out what the author wants the readers to understand.

29. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
Use any hints that may shed light on the meaning of the piece
pay attention to the title and any headings and to the opening and closing lines of paragraphs.

30. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
In writing the summary, let your reader know the piece that you are summarizing.
Identify the title, author and source of the piece. You may want to use a formula (˃)

31. Guiding Tips for Summarization……
In "Title of the Piece" (source and date of piece), author shows that: central idea of the piece.  The author supports the main idea by using _____________________ and showing that

32. Remember again Do not rewrite the original piece.
Keep your summary short.
Use your own wording.
Refer to the central and main ideas of the original piece.

33. Remember again….
Read with who, what, when, where, why and how questions in mind.
Do not put in your opinion of the issue or topic discussed in the original piece
Read and Review the text cited in the exercise paper

34. Summarized passage
Adding sweet-smelling flowers to a garden is something many gardeners may skip.  One can become too caught up in visual flower aspects such as color or composition. Yet adding beautiful smelling flowers just as important for those gardeners who are looking to have an all-around "memorable" flower display.  Most aromatic flowers are mainly white; yet, some more colorful plants may hide their lovely smell in less obvious places, like in their roots, stems, and leaves.   

35. THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING WITH ME SO FAR SO LONG