1. Satellite Remote Sensing: An Important Tool in Fisheries Oceanography

5. Contents Background Fisheries applications of satellite remote sensing
Rationale for using satellite remote sensing data in fisheries oceanography
Satellite oceanography remote sensing cannot replace in situ measurements
Types of satellite data used in fisheries applications
Sources of satellite data
Examples of satellite remote sensing applications in fisheries research and management and protected species research
Potential for direct detection fish schools, fishing activities, and marine mammals using satellite remote sensing
Future needs of satellite remote sensing in fisheries oceanography

6. Contents Sources of satellite data
Examples of satellite remote sensing applications in fisheries research and management and protected species research
Fish early life history and survival
Marine fish habitat and migration patterns
Stock assessment
Fisheries management
Protected species
Operational fishery oceanography in support of research cruises

7. Background Satellite remote sensing
an extraordinarily effective and powerful tool
fisheries oceanography research and fisheries management
marine protected species research and management
operational fisheries oceanography
Significant stride, progress, and expansion
increase in the availability and improvements in the access to satellite data
the development of easy to use satellite data processing and display software packages combined with low cost computer hardware systems
the increasing awareness of the successes in demonstrating the application of the technology to marine fisheries problems

8. Background Satellite remote sensing
an extraordinarily effective and powerful tool
Significant stride, progress, and expansion
the use of satellite-derived ocean measurements to meet the operational fishery oceanography needs
tuna; salmon and albacore; lobster
AVHRR; SeaWiFS
Fisheries applications of satellite remote sensing

9. Rationale for using satellite remote sensing data
Variations in marine environmental conditions affect the distribution, abundance and availability of marine fish populations: vulnerability and catchability of fish stocks
To understand, model and predict the effects of ocean conditions on marine fish populations
To efficiently harvest marine fish stocks,
To effectively and rationally manage marine fisheries
‘changing ocean’ and ‘average ocean’
well-suited for measuring and monitoring the ‘changing ocean’
large-scale synopticity, high spatial resolution, and frequent repeatability of coverage

10. Rationale for using satellite remote sensing data
disadvantages
limited to the very near surface film of the ocean
→ representative of the those in the upper m
visual and infrared measurements are restricted to cloud-free areas
→ temporally averaged image; → new neural network methods
→ microwave and satellite sensors (altimetry, scatterometer, synthetic aperture radar, etc.)
not be replacements of in situ conventional measurements
ships, data buoys, fixed and floating instrument arrays; interior and calibrating and validating

11. Types of satellite data used in fisheries applications
Infrared temperature and ocean color measurements
passive scanning radiometer systems measuring radiation in the thermal and visible portion of the spectrum
AVHRR; IR systems on NOAA polar-orbiting satellites
CZCS the coastal zone color scanner; Nimbus-7
SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor); SeaStar
OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor); ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)
These data have been readily available
After conversion to SST and chlorophyll or related optical data, the derived data measurements and products can be used directly in marine resource applications
There is general understand and confidence in the meaning of the satellite-derived data

12. Types of satellite data used in fisheries applications
Active microwave and radar satellite sensors – all weather
ocean circulation patterns based on satellite altimetry
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) 합성개구 레이다
RADAR신호를 발생; 반사되어 돌아오는 신호 이용; 영상으로 복원하는 장치
기상조건에 거의 영향을 받지 않음; 구름이 많은 지역; 강우가 빈번한 지역 등
거리를 측정하는 기구인 레이다의 원리를 이용; 광학영상과는 다른 측면의 정보
가시광선대에서 얻을 수 없는 물체의 특성을 SAR영상에서 얻을 수 있음
detecting and monitoring fishing activities; fish schools; eddies, frontal structure, river plume
scatterometer – wind structure
ARGOS satellite location system
GPS – fishing vessel monitoring systems (VMS); satellite networks; electronic ‘archival tags’

13. Sources of satellite data
real-time and near real-time AVHRR satellite data
the NOAA CoastWatch Program
AVHRR
HRPT (High Resolution Picture Transmission)
Examples
Fish early life history and survival
Marine fish habitat and migration patterns
Stock assessment
Fisheries management
Protected species
Operational fishery oceanography in support of research cruises

14. Examples Fish early life history and survival
combination of satellite-derived SST and surface chlorophyll distribution
distribution and advective transport of larval fishes, eggs..
TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry; geostrophic currents
Marine fish habitat and migration patterns
AVHRR and CZCS data
eddy and fronts; SST fronts; chlorophyll
Stock assessment – environmental data
direct application; standardization of CPUE or fishing effort variation
built on an understanding of ocean processes and oceanic habitat
Fisheries management
VMS
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)

15. Examples Protected species
AVHRR satellite imagery
to reduce the impact of commercial trawl fishing on populations of threatened and endangered sea turtles
to identify sea turtle habitat off the east coast of the USA
loggerhead turtles
satellite telemetry and satellite remotely sensed environmental data
Operational fishery oceanography in support of research cruises
AVHRR – guiding fisheries research vessel operations
isotherm charts
HRPT on APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) AVHRR satellite data
NMFS; NOAA/NESDIS; GOES;
The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is a space-borne sensor embarked on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) family of polar orbiting platforms (POES). AVHRR instruments measure the reflectance of the Earth in 5 relatively wide (by today's standards) spectral bands. The first two are centred around the red (0.6 micrometer) and near-infrared (0.9 micrometer) regions, the third one is located around 3.5 micrometer, and the last two sample the thermal radiation emitted by the planet, around 11 and 12 micrometers, respectively.
The first AVHRR instrument was a 4-channel radiometer, while the latest version (known as AVHRR/3, first carried on the NOAA-15 platform launched in May 1998) acquires data in a 6th channel located at 1.6 micrometer.

16. Potential
Direction detection of fish schools, fishing activities and marine mammals has not been possible
SAR signal modulation
convert radar images to pelagic fish school abundance of fishing effort estimates
the application of space-based radar systems for fisheries monitoring, control, and surveillance

17. Future needs
increased recruitment of trained scientists and technicians
sensors
the foraging habit of juvenile loggerhead turtles
ARGOS-derived turtle positions
satellite-derived SST
surface chlorophyll
ocean currents
archival tags

18. Commentary: Applications
The ocean is in a steady, rapid state of change
Currents cause constant changes in temperature and turbidity pattern
plankton blooms or red tides
mosaicking and interpolation approach
timeliness and synoptic
data cost
revisit frequency and region of coverage

19. References (web-info)
해양 광학 & 해색원격탐사실 한국 해양 연구원
대한원격탐사학회
공공원격탐사센터
인공위성의종류와 특성
REMOTE SENSING & GIS (김흥규)
The Basics of Satellite Oceanography
Ocean Surface Topography
TEXT BOOKS ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS  (RS & GIS 가이드북)  

24. 2. Sensors on satellites Active devices Altimeters 3 - 30 GHz
Passive sensors
Wavelength
Information
Visible wavelength radiometers
400 nm - 1 m
Solar radiation reflected by Earth surface
Infrared (IR) radiometers
about 10 m
Thermal emission of the Earth
Microwave radiometers mm
Thermal emission of the Earth in the microwave
Active devices
Altimeters
GHz
Earth surface topography
Scatterometers
Sea surface roughness
Synthetic aperture radars
Sea surface roughness and movement
IoE The Basics of Satellite Oceanography. 1. Satellites and Sensors

25. 3. Satellite-to-Earth data transmission
The information measured by sensors is
converted into digital format,
stored on magnetic media, and
transmitted to the ground receiving stations.
HRPT (High Resolution Picture Transmission) format enables transmission of raw information to the receiving stations located on the Earth's surface.
Each station includes receiving antenna and computer for processing and storage of information.
HRPT format is used in IR sensors AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) and optical scanners (e.g., SeaWiFS).
IoE The Basics of Satellite Oceanography. 1. Satellites and Sensors

26. Remote sensing of the sea includes:
1. Sensor calibration
2. Atmospheric correction
3. Positional registration
4. Oceanographic sampling for "sea truth"
5. Image processing
6. Oceanographic applications of satellite remote sensing
IoE The Basics of Satellite Oceanography. 3. Remote Sensing of the Sea