1. Juan P. Flores Márgez, Joel A. Hernández E., Nadia Rodríguez M., Marcos Delgado R. Manoj K. Shukla y Dave DuBois Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (www.uacj.mx) New Mexico State University (www.nmsu.edu)www.nmsu.edu Las Cruces, NM, April 22, 2013

2. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Anthropogenic Natural Sources of Soil Emission to Air

3. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Dust sources (red points) detected through remoting sensors image and wind speed. Rivera Rivera, N.I., Gebhart, K.A., Hand, J.L., Bleiweiss, M.P., and Fitzgerarld, R.M. 2009. Wind modeling of Chihuahuan Desert dust outbreaks. Atmospheric environment. 43, 347-354.

4. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Pérez, S.A.L. 2008. Climatic analysis in Ciudad Juárez, and Juárez Valley, Chihuahua. Thesis of Bachelor, Biology Programa, UACJ.

5. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU In addition to the natural emission of dust in the Juarez region, the problem of the low air quality is very serious in Juarez City because almost 40% of its streets are unpaved roads, and exist 2 500 ha of uncover areas, old vehicles, and factories (IMIP, 2002).

6. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Newspaper 2011. Wind reachs 80 km/hr

7. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Juarez Airport closed as a Result of high wind and dust During March 18, 2012.

8. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Dust storm during march 18, 2012 in El Paso, and Juarez Area.

9. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU SEMARNAT, PROAIRE (2006). http://enhs.umn.edu/5103/ particles/character.html

10. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU PROAIRE, 2006-2012. Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua.

11. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Emission of PM 10 and PM 2.5 are regulated by NOM- 025-SSA1-1993: maximum limit value is 150 µg/m 3 in 24 hours, and for chronic exposition is 50 µg/m 3 as annual mean. US-EPA (2006) reduced the mean limit for emission of MP 2.5 for the period of 24 hours from 65 to 35 µg/m 3. Epidemiology studies have shown that existence of significant association between PM concentrations and adverse impacts on human health (WHO, 2000).

12. To estimate the concentration of PM emitted to air in different places of the city and using two methods. To quantify the PM dispersed at two heigth on the soil (1 and 2 m). Analyze climatic conditions in special wind speed and direction. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

13. As wind speed increases is expected a higher PM emission from soil to air, and PM concentration will be higher at 1 m than 2 m heigth Sticky tape technique will detect more PM than the dust track instrument, because this last technique detects only the filter diameter installed as PM 2.5 FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

14. Materials y Methods 2011 2012

15. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

16. Dust Trak Instrument

17. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Wind speed for March, and April, 2011 in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua Results

18. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU Average and standard deviation of PM detected with the sticky tapes technique at 1 and 2 m height in different sites of Juarez Regulations: 150 ug/m 3, Results 1,500 ug/m 3

19. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

20. 2011 0 to 2.766±1.035 mg m -3 Range of PM measured in study: 1,800 a 2,700 µg m -3 2012 0 to 1.893±0.246 mg m -3 Mexican Regulation, NOM-025-SSA1-1993: 150 µg m -3 FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

21. The amount of PM detected with sticky tape technique resulted higher at 1 m height (0.698852±0.08537 mg/m 3 ) than at 2 m height (0.599964±0.93615 mg/m 3 ) but not significant difference was observed between the two height. This was attributed to the high weight of large particules that are transported to low height and are retained by sticky tapes. Sites 1 and 4 presented high PM retained at 1 m, while sites 2 and 3 was at 2 m height. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

22. As wind speed and direction is very variable for each sampling site, it is obvious that significant differences can be observed among dates and places, during April the highest wind speed were observed. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

23. Conclusions During most of the eolic events of high intensity in arid areas of north Mexico, the PM values observed were 18 times higher than those indicated by the mexican regulations. The technique based on sticky tapes and rotorods, was considered practical, economic, and versatil for measurements of dust storms, the PM data detected was in the range of those observed with the dust trak instrument.

24. The PM values reflected low air quality in the area during dust storms, and negative effects on respiratory systems of people. It is needed to continue doing measurements of PM emissions under different scenaries, climatic conditions and types of soils. FloresMargez et al.2013. air quality symposium NMSU

25. Contact: Dr. Juan Pedro Flores Márgez juflores@uacj.mxjuflores@uacj.mx http://www.uacj.mx/docentes/juflores/Paginas/default.aspxhttp://www.uacj.mx/docentes/juflores/Paginas/default.aspx. Also the soil is in the air