1. Water Cycle, Groundwater, Aquifers, Caves
Hydrosphere
Water Cycle, Groundwater, Aquifers, Caves

2. Hydrosphere About 97 % of the hydrosphere is in the oceans.
Water contained by landmasses—nearly all of it freshwater—makes up about 3 %

3. Hydrosphere

4. Water Cycle
Water constantly moves among the oceans, the atmosphere, the solid Earth, and the biosphere. This unending circulation of Earth’s water supply is the water cycle.

5. Water Cycle Processes involved in the cycle include: Precipitation
Evaporation
Sublimation
Infiltration - the movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces
Runoff
Transpiration - the release of water into the atmosphere from plants through the ground

6. Runoff Runoff is water flowing downslope along Earth’s surface.
Runoff may reach a stream, river, or lake, may evaporate or accumulate and eventually seep into the ground.

7. Stream Systems A stream is a channel with permanent water flow.
Tributaries are streams that flow into other streams, increasing the size of the stream it is joining.
A large stream is called a river, and all its tributaries make up a stream, or river system.

9. Moving Water Carves a Path
A stream channel forms as the moving water erodes a narrow pathway into rock, creating sediment.
Stream banks are the ground bordering the stream on each side
Hold the moving water within the confines of the stream channel

11. Formation of Stream Valleys
As a stream actively erodes its path through the sediment or rock, a V-shaped channel develops.
A stream erodes until its base level, the elevation at which it enters another stream or body of water.
Downcutting- wearing away of the streambed, stops when base level is reached, fueled by gravity

12. Stream Load A stream carries its load in 3 ways:
Solution-particles dissolved in water
Suspension-particles small enough to stay afloat in water.
Bed load-materials that are pushed along bottom of stream

14. Meandering Streams
A stream’s slope, or gradient, decreases as it nears its base level.
Sometimes, the water begins to erode the sides of the channel in such a way that the overall path of the stream starts to bend or wind.
A meander is a bend or curve in a stream channel caused by moving water.

16. Meandering Streams
Outside of curve-heavy erosion occurs, water moves fastest.
Inside of curve-deposition occurs, water moves slowest
pg. 225

17. Meandering Streams
It is common for a stream to cut off a meander and once again flow along a straighter path.
The cut off meander becomes an oxbow lake, which eventually dries up.
At the mouth of the stream, the gradient begins to flatten and the channel becomes wide.

19. Deposition of Sediments
Gradient (slope) decreases, velocity decreases.
In dry regions, a stream’s gradient may suddenly decrease causing the stream to drop its sediment at the base of a slope as a fan-shaped deposit called an alluvial fan.

21. Deposition of Sediments
Streams lose velocity when they join larger bodies of quiet water.
A delta is the triangular deposit, usually consisting of silt and clay particles, that forms where a stream enters a large body of water.

23. River Basin
Portion of land drained by a river and its tributaries (streams that flow into a larger stream or body of water)
Final destination is an estuary or an ocean
Everyone lives in a river basin, whether you live near water or not
Considered an ecosystem, all living and non-living things are connected and interdependent
River basin’s make up many smaller watersheds, land that drains into a stream, lake or wetland

24. Differences between bodies of water Lake vs. Reservoir
Both a depressions in the surface materials that collect and hold water
Both accumulate water from streams and runoff
Lakes have outlets from which water flows to rivers and to the ocean
Reservoirs are lakes made for the primary purpose of storing water for communities use.

25. Differences between bodies of water
Wetlands- land area that is covered with water for a large part of the year
Bogs- waterlogged soil from precipitation, NOT stream fed
Marshes- marsh grasses, reeds, sedges, and rushes
Swamps- shrubs and trees
pg. 230

26. Wetland Importance?
Filtering system- trap pollutants, sediments, and pathogenic bacteria
Provide vital habitats for migratory water-birds and homes for many other wildlife, as well as plants (NC pitcher plants)
BBC LIFE- carnivorous plants

27. Lakes Undergo Change
Eutrophication- process of photosynthesis, plants add oxygen and waste products to lake water
Decay process of organisms use up dissolved oxygen supplies
Natural process BUT addition of fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus) causes algae blooms which depletes oxygen

28. Poorly sorted sediments
Precipitation and Groundwater
The rain infiltrates the ground and becomes groundwater.
Little precipitation becomes runoff and is returned to the ocean.
Porosity is the percentage of pore space in a material.
Well sorted sediments
High porosity
Poorly sorted sediments
Low porosity

29. Water Table
The zone of saturation is the depth below Earth’s surface at which groundwater completely fills all the pores of a material.
The water table is the upper boundary of the zone of saturation.
Area above water table is known as zone of aeration, pores filled with air.

30. The Water Table
The topography of the water table follows the topography of the land above it.
Because of its dependence on precipitation, the water table fluctuates with seasonal and other weather conditions.

31. Groundwater Movement
Groundwater flows downhill in the direction of the slope of the water table.
Permeability is the ability of a material to let water pass through it.
High permeability-large, connected pores Ex sand, gravel
Low permeability-tiny pores, fine grained materials, said to be impermeable Ex silt, clay, shale

32. Groundwater Movement
Aquifers are underwater permeable layers where most groundwater flow takes place.
Impermeable layers, called aquicludes, are barriers to groundwater flow.

33. Sinkholes
Groundwater’s interaction with limestone, forms karst topography- caves, underground channels, and a rough bumpy ground surface

34. Spring Formation
pg. 250

35. Hot Springs
Emerge from aquifers that descend to great depths in Earth’s crust and allow deep, hot water to rise .
Geysers- explosive hot springs that erupt at regular intervals (Old Faithful)

36. Wells To produce water, a well must tap into an aquifer.
Wells are holes dug or drilled deep into the ground to reach a reservoir of groundwater.
To produce water, a well must tap into an aquifer.

37. Wells
Overpumping of a well produces a cone of depression around the well.
Drawdown is the difference between the original water-table level and the water level in the pumped well.
Recharge is the process in which water from precipitation and runoff is added back to the zone of saturation.

38. Confined Aquifers
Water-table aquifers are unconfined and unprotected, and thus, easily polluted.
Deeper aquifers, called confined aquifers, are sandwiched between aquicludes.
The aquicludes form barriers that prevent pollutants from reaching such aquifers.

40. Threats to Our Water Supply
Human demands for freshwater include household use, agriculture, and industry.

41. Threats to Our Water Supply
Overuse
As human population increases, so does the need for abundant water.
If groundwater is pumped out at a rate greater than the recharge rate, the groundwater supply will inevitably decrease, and the water table will drop.

42. Threats to Our Water Supply
Subsidence
Ground subsidence, or the sinking of land, is a problem caused by the excessive withdrawal of groundwater.

43. Threats to Our Water Supply
Salt
The overpumping of wells near the ocean can cause the underlying salt water to rise into the wells and contaminate the freshwater aquifer.

44. Threats to Our Water Supply
Pollution in Groundwater

45. Threats to Our Water Supply
*Point Source Pollution: comes from a single, localized source
EX: factory

46. Threats to Our Water Supply
*Nonpoint source pollution - pollution from a general area
Ex: runoff from farming
area

47. Protecting Our Water Supply
All major pollution sources need to be identified and eliminated.

48. Protecting Our Water Supply
Pollution plumes may be stopped by the building of impermeable underground barriers.
Polluted groundwater can be pumped out for chemical treatment on the surface.