1. America
Becomes
a Colonial
Power

2. Imperialism
The policy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire by conquest, colonization, economic or political domination.

3. Jingo 1895 – The White Squadron or The Great White Fleet
A supporter of an aggressive, organized
Foreign policy.
1895 – The White Squadron or
The Great White Fleet
It was a rightful place as a great power to become imperialistic.
A great navy was needed to establish our place.
Presidents During This Time
William McKinley – Spanish American War
Theodore Roosevelt – Gunboat Diplomacy
William Howard Taft - dollar diplomacy

4. Old Colonial Powers
SPAIN
FRANCE
GREAT BRITAIN
PORTUGAL

5. New Colonial Powers 1. GERMANY 2. RUSSIA 3. ITALY 4. JAPAN
5. UNITED STATES

6. Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?
Why was there this sudden interest in new lands?
Industrial Revolution (new sources of raw materials, additional markets, places to invest surplus.
Closing of the Frontier
American nationalism: Alfred T Mahan’s book – The influence of Sea Power Upon History

7. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

8. 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

9. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power on History:

10. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

11. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

12. 5. Closing the American Frontier
Frederick
Jackson
Turner’s
Thesis….
No more
“safety
Valve”.
The safety valve thesis is the assertion that the frontier, as a place of opportunity and escape, defused social discontent in America.
The frontier thesis is the assertion that the American character, including such traits as democracy and materialism, derived from the frontier experience.

13. Japan

14. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

15. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Go to Moodle Site – Topic 8 & read the archive on this treaty.

16. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
Japanese deny passports to laborers entering U.S.
Japan recognized U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
U.S. government got San Francisco school board to rescind order to segregate Asians in separate schools.
Students research the internet for the purpose of the Root Takahira Agreement
A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East Recognition of China`s independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open Doo

17. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.
Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine
 it warned European nations not to get involved in political matters in Central and South America. 

18. Alaska

19. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

20. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
Go to link to read the story behind the cartoon and the purchase of Alaska.

21. Other Advances: Samoa: Korea—est. trade 1882
1878 trade treaty
1899 Protectorate
Korea—est. trade 1882
The Great White Fleet 1895
1. showcase American
naval power.
In 1878 the United States signed a treaty for the establishment of a naval station in Pago Pago Harbor. An 1899 agreement between colonial powers divided Samoa into spheres of influence: Germany gained control of the western islands, and the United States took the eastern islands

22. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"
The Sandwich Islands

23. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

24. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

25. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
1865 US businessmen develop resources (sugar & pineapple)
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

26. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
1887 – US leases Pearl Harbor Hawaiians growing influence of foreigners &
businessmen
1893 – US & Hawaiian businessmen revolt & the US Marines (Pearl Harbor) put down the revolt.
Pres Cleveland sends a commission to Hawaii – Hawaiians don’t want to be annexed – Cleveland supports the Hawaiians.
Congress adopts a policy to stay out of Hawaii.

27. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
In return for the right to sell sugar duty free in the U.S., Hawaii pledges not to lease or sell any land to any other foreign countries.
1898 – Due to Spanish American War – Congress voted to annex Hawaii
1900 – Hawaii becomes a territory
1959 – Hawaii becomes the 50th state.
McKinley is the President
who annexed Hawaii.

28. Cuba

29. The Imperialist Taylor
Puck cartoon endorses the expansionist foreign policy of President William McKinley as “enlightened” and “rational.” The annexation of Hawaii and Puerto Rico (respectively, during and after the Spanish-American War of 1898) are shown as natural increases in the size of the United States, a process that began with the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and continued with the acquisitions of Florida (1821), Texas (1845), California (1848), and Alaska (1867). Note that the Philippines are not mentioned. Uncle Sam rejects the tonic of “Anti-Expansion Policy” offered by three anti-imperialists (left-right): Oswald Ottendorfer, publisher and editor of the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung; Carl Schurz, a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League and former U.S. senator ( ) from Missouri, secretary of the interior ( ), and editor of Harper’s Weekly ( ); and, Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the New York World.
All three men were prominent German-Americans. The Republican campaign in 1900 made an extra effort to win support of that ethnic constituency, which formed a large voting bloc in the Midwest. Many German-Americans did not approve of an expansionist foreign policy. They were displeased, too, by the perception that the McKinley administration favored Britain over Germany during the Boer War ( ) in South Africa. Bad feelings were also provoked by a conflict between Admiral Dewey and a German commander in Manila, and an anti-German speech by one of Dewey’s subordinate officers (who was later reprimanded). To win the German vote, Republicans showcased German-American party spokesmen, published campaign material in German, and argued that Bryan’s election would result in repeal of the gold standard, which many German-Americans supported.
Although Pulitzer’s New York World had been instrumental in arousing public sentiment for war against Spain in 1898, the newspaper opposed the postwar acquisition of overseas territories and particularly condemned the McKinley administration’s Philippine policy. The World had promoted the unsuccessful candidacy of Dewey for the Democratic nomination, and then tepidly supported Bryan in the general election, while criticizing his free-silver stance. Carl Schurz, another staunch advocate of the gold standard, initially found Bryan’s pro-silver stance unacceptable and lobbied other anti-imperialists during the summer of 1900 to run a third-party candidate for president. When the Anti-Imperialist League endorsed Bryan, Schurz acquiesced, arguing that the Democratic nominee, if elected, could not repeal the Gold Standard Act without congressional approval. He later said that voting for Bryan was the “most distasteful thing” he had ever done. Ottendorfer’s New Yorker Staats-Zeitung was the nation’s most influential German-American newspaper and reflected the views of the sound-money wing of the Democratic Party. Although it objected to overseas expansion, the Staats-Zeitung endorsed Republican McKinley in mid-October because of Bryan’s pro-silver position.
     
   
         
           

30. Spanish Misrule in Cuba
This political cartoon by Louis Dalrymple is taken from the Library of Congress. Dalrymple is trying to spread support for US involvement in Cuba. The caption reads "The duty of the hour; - to save her not only from Spain, but from a worse fate". The symbol of the frying pan "Spanish Misrule" paints Spain as the antagonist that is harming Cuba, represented by the woman held over the fire of anarchy. The subject of this cartoon is that the US should get involved as it is its "duty".

31. Valeriano Weyler’s -“Reconcentration” Policy

32. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst
Yellow Journalism: use of exaggerated
stories to attract readers.
Joseph Pulitzer
the use of sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation. The phrase was coined in the 1890s to describe the tactics employed in furious competition between two New York City newspapers, the World and the Journal.
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

33. ECONOMIC CAUSE OF THE WAR: Mc Kinley Tariff-1890
1. a protective tariff (tax) that raised the duty on
foreign imports to almost 50%.
2. Republicans who strongly supported high tariffs on
imported goods.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff-1894
1. slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

34. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”

35. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

36. Spanish American War Video

37. Ultimatum to Spain immediate cease fire Armistice to the Rebels
Self-government and independence
Abolish all concentration camps

38. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

39. US wants peace for Caribbean Promise to leave control of Cuba
The Teller Resolution
US claimed no sovereignty over
Cuba
US wants peace for Caribbean
Promise to leave control of Cuba
to the Cuban people

40. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

41. The “Rough Riders”

42. The
Philippines
What to do with the Philippines? McKinley decided to establish US rule there rather than set them free. This upset the Philippine rebels who had expected freedom. McKinley felt that the benefits of the Philippines outweighed the negatives. Aguinaldo & his rebels fought the US for 3 years, until 1902.

43. Dewey Captures Manila!

44. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Is He To Be a Despot?
William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines

45. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

46. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator
1902 – Philippine Government Act
appointed a governor, Taft US Congress could veto all legislation
elected a small assembly – Jones Act – gave Filipino people self govn’t
appointed an upper house Promised independence as soon as a stable govn’t
was established 1942 – delayed WWII

47. Our “Sphere of Influence”
Spheres of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

48. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

49. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

50. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt Platt Amendment (1903)
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

51. 1934—Platt Amendment revoked FDR—Good Neighbor Policy
Cuba to Present
1934—Platt Amendment revoked
FDR—Good Neighbor Policy
1959—US supported Fidel Castro
1960—US anti-Castro1962— Cuban Missile Crisis
--Almost World War III
Cuba lacked political experience & for many years the government was weak & inefficient. U.S. intervened 4 times to restore order – another Cuban revolt – FDR refused to intervene as part of the Good Neighbor Policy. At the same time, FDR revoked the Platt amendment, but kept Guantanamo Bay.
Despite these political moves, U.S. still dominated Cuban economy. Dictator Batista supported the U.S – the U.S. supported the Cuban rebel, Fidel Castro’s take over of Cuba but he was no better than Batista.

52. DILEMMA--Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag??
Big question?? What do we do with the new lands? Were they American citizens? Did they have the same rights as all other Americans? Insular Cases (14 S.C cases that addressed the application of the US Constitution to overseas territories. The Constitution does not apply to people in territories.

53. Puerto
Rico

54. Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. 1901-1903: the Insular Cases.
1917 – Jones Act.
Foraker Act – gave the president of the U.S. the power to appoint Puerto Rico’s governor & members of the upper house of its legislature. Puerto Ricans could elect only the members of the legislatures' lower house.
Insular Cases – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories. Congress retained the right to extend U.S. citizenship, and it granted that right to Puerto Rico in It also gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature.
Jones Act – promised Philippine independence “as soon as a stable govn’t was established. Finally got independence in 1946.

55. Panama

56. Panama: The King’s Crown
1901 Hay-Pauncefort Treaty.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.
1903 Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty.

57. I took the
canal and
left Congress
to debate me.

58. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

61. 1921- paid 25 million to Colombia
1979- NEW PANAMA TREATIES with President Carter
US defends canal forever

62. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
“that if it became necessary for any nation to intervene in the affairs of Latin America, the US would intervene, not a European government.”
--TR

63. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

64. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant
the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.
Chinese were blamed for declining wages & economic ills of the time.
suspended Chinese immigration for ten years
declared the Chinese as ineligible for naturalization.
racial purity was a concern of Americans.
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

65. Stipulations of the Chinese Exclusion Act
the first significant law restricting immigration
into the United States.
2. suspended Chinese immigration for ten years
declared the Chinese as ineligible for
naturalization.
4. racial purity was a concern of Americans.

66. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
In 1900, the Boxer movement spread to the Beijing area, where the Boxers killed Chinese Christians and Christian missionaries and destroyed churches and railroad stations and other property.
Qing Empress Dowager Tzu’u Hzi (or Cixi, ) declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China.
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

67. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.
1. spheres of influence - any area in which one nation wields dominant power over another or others.

68. The Open Door Policy
an American solution to the maneuvering among all countries to secure China. Students look up definition.
said the best way to avoid a conflict over China was to keep it an open market for all.
open door for all countries

69. America as a Pacific Power

70. America's
New
Role

71. The Cares of a Growing Family

72. Constable of the World

73. Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
1. one of history's greatest historic Peace events and the beginning of a new era of diplomatic negotiations.
2. It ended the Russo-Japanese War
3. it affirmed the Japanese presence in south Manchuria and Korea and ceded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan.
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

74. The Great White Fleet: 1907
United States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe from December 16, 1907.
Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American military power and blue-water navy capability.

75. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

76. Mexico

77. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

78. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero

79. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

80. Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

81. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

82. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

83. Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”