1.
이 장 우

2. Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs)
Used as emulsifying, dispersing, wetting and foaming agents
Rivers (0.6–2.4 μg/l) and sediments (250–8580 μg/kg dry wt)
Household detergents and foods
Pregnant women and newborns, pubertal students
EDCs
estrogen and progesterone receptor binding
Inhibition of gonadal and ovarian development
Low testis and epididymis mass, reduction in offspring viability
Exposed to NP not only by drinking water, but also by other pathways, including ingestion of contaminated foods, such as seafood, fish, meat and milk; inhalation with air; and dermal absorption

3. Objectives
Repeated exposure of a fetus to NP due to dietary intake and the increased amounts of NP taken by pregnant women is of concern if a placenta barrier to NP does not exist.
The existence of NP in breast-milk has received increasing interest since human milk is the most important nourishment for newborns and reveals both parent and neonate exposure
Therefore
This study attempts to determine the level of placental protection against NP exposure as well as the level of NP in mother milk.
- Potential risk assessment (one and three months old)

4. Highlights NP is one of the most common contaminants in Taiwan
Exposure of pregnant women and the fetuses to NP appears to be critical, because NP may cause prenatal and/or postnatal reproductive and development effects
NP levels are the highest among human milk, followed by placenta, fetal cord blood and maternal blood. And the NP levels in maternal specimens were not related to those in fetal specimens
Infants in Taiwan are exposed to relatively high levels of NP through breast feeding
There are 31.2% (5/16) and 93.3% (14/15) of breast milk fed infants in the 1st and 3rd months exceeded TDI of 5 ug/kg-bw/day
A non-significant correlation was found between milk NP level and the frequency of total food intake (r=0.23, p=0.41).
This study presents the placental NP level in the range of 5.4–54.4 (GM,19.8)ng/g

5. Results and discussion

6. Results and discussion
Daily intake
- 1st : 36.8 ng/mL x mL/day/4.3 kg = 6.1ug/kg/day
- 3rd : 60.5 ng/mL x mL/day/5.8 kg = 8.6ug/kg/day
Health risk
TDI / daily intake
infants one-month old were 0.27, 0.64, and 1.15 (5th, 25th, and 50th)
infants three-month old are 0.31, 0.46, and 0.62 (5th, 25th, and 50th)
The probable reason is the variation of dietary habits and types of food among countries and geography

7. Results and discussion
The contamination of the environment and foods from animal sources through bioaccumulation may contribute to the ubiquitously high levels of NP in Taiwan
Shanghai, China, which is a bustling metropolitan area with numerous industrial plants

8. Results and discussion
A non-significant correlation was found between milk NP level and the frequency of total food intake (r=0.23, p=0.41).
fish or seafood consumption does not increase NP levels in human milk, possibly owing to the small sample size.
This study presents the placental NP level in the range of 5.4–54.4 (GM,19.8)ng/g
This finding suggests that fetuses are exposed to NP due to trans-placental absorption, partitioning between the maternal and fetal compartments
Even with rapid metabolism of NP, it can be detected in mother-fetus dyads samples. This finding implies that pregnant women are repetitively and persistently exposed to NP. Through the repeated exposure from mothers’ dietary intake, fetuses could encounter a high NP exposure level

9. Results and discussion
Limitations
Small sample size
Not concerned demographic characteristics
Conclusion
the first time the existence of NP level in placenta and also identifies prenatal and postnatal exposure to NP
Through the repeated exposure from mothers’ dietary intake, fetuses are exposed to NP both during gestation via trans- placental absorption and after during lactation through breast milk
Further studies with a larger study group are necessary to shed light on the mechanisms and kinetics on placental transfer of NP and its health effects on a vulnerable population.

10. Apgar score

12. Highlights
Considering placenta is the barrier which protects fetus against toxins such as OH-PBDEs circulating in maternal blood
ΣBFR: Breast milk (129 pg/g ww) > placenta (56.2 pg/g ww) > urine (80.1 pg/g ww) > cord blood (29.4 pg/g ww)
ΣOH-PBDEs: cord blood (75.5 pg/g ww) > urine (71.2 pg/g ww) > breast milk (62.8 pg/g ww) > placenta (41.3 pg/g ww)
The binding affinity to TTR (Transthyretin) might be one important issue for the maternal-to-fetal transport of OH- PBDEs
There was statistically significant (po0.01)correlation between ΣBRPs and ΣOH-PBDEs (r2=0.27)
The median EDI of ΣOH-PBDEs: 8.79 ng/kg/day (range from 2.84 to 17.9), ΣBRPs was 1.80 ng/kg/day (range from 2.71 to 7.50)

14. Highlights
Benzophenone (BP) concentrations are determined in paired blood and urine for the first time.
BP-3 and 4OH-BP partition preferentially into urine.
Cord to maternal blood ratios of BP-3 and 4OH-BP were 0.48 and 0.61, respectively.
Exposure to BPs was significantly associated with sex.
4OH-BP has a slower clearance rate than that of BP-3 from human bodies
(B/U ratio of BP3: 0.21, 4OH-BP: 0.36)
BP-3 did not efficiently cross the placental barrier. The lower CB/MB ratios found for BP-3 than those for 4OH-BP could, in part, be due to greater lipophilicity of the former than the latter