1. Grammar Unit 3
Nouns and Pronouns

2. Lesson 1: Pronouns
Pronoun: a word that is used in place of a noun or another pronoun.
Antecedent: the word that a personal pronoun refers to.
Personal pronouns change depending on:
Person: 1st (I/we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he/she/they)
Number: singular or plural
Case: subject, object, or possessive

3. Lesson 2: Subject Pronouns
Subject pronoun: used as the subject of a sentence or as a predicate pronoun after a linking verb.
Predicate pronoun: follows a linking verb and renames the subject.

4. Lesson 3: Object Pronouns
Object pronouns: personal pronouns that are used as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of prepositions.
Direct object pronoun:
receives the action of the verb
answers the questions whom or what
Indirect object pronoun:
receives the direct object
answers the question to whom/what or for whom/what
Object of a preposition: pronoun follows a preposition (to, from, for, against, by, between, about, etc.)

5. Lesson 4: Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronoun: personal pronouns used to show ownership or relationship.

6. Lesson 5: Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st Person
Myself
Ourselves
2nd Person
Yourself
Yourselves
3rd Person
Himself, herself, itself
Themselves

7. Reflexive Pronouns Refers to the subject of the sentence
Directs the action of the verb back to subject
Reflexive pronouns are required in order for a sentence to make sense

8. Examples of Reflexive Pronouns
The children were not able to save themselves from the monster. I fell off my bike and hurt myself on the knee. “Themselves” refers back to subject “children”. “Myself” refers back to the subject “I”. “Themselves” and “myself” are required in order for their sentences to make sense.

9. Lesson 5: Intensive Pronouns
Emphasize the noun or pronoun in the sentence (not necessarily the subject)
They are not required in order for the meaning of the sentence to be clear

10. Examples of Intensive Pronouns
You yourself have to complete the homework.
(You have to complete the homework.)
We ourselves must work together in order to accomplish the goal.
(We must work together in order to accomplish the goal.)
“Yourself” and “ourselves” could be removed from the sentences and they would still make sense.

11. Reflexive or intensive?
She cried herself to sleep. We petted the dogs ourselves. Would the sentence still make sense if the pronoun is removed? If yes, the pronoun is intensive. If no, the pronoun is reflexive.

12. She cried herself to sleep. (reflexive)
We petted the dogs ourselves. (intensive)

13. Lesson 6: Interrogative Pronouns
Who- always used as a subject pronoun or predicate pronoun
Subject pronoun: Who is yelling?
Predicate pronoun: The teacher is who?
Whom- always used as an object pronoun
DOP: Whom did the teacher help?
IOP: The teacher gave whom an A+?
OP: From whom did the student get help?
Whose ≠ Who’s (contraction of who is)
What
Which

14. Lesson 6: Demonstrative Pronouns
Direct attention to a specific noun
NEVER use “here” or “there” with demonstrative pronouns

15. Lesson 7: Antecedents
Antecedent: the original noun that is replaced by a pronoun
Myra wanted a dog for her birthday. She got one from her parents.
“Myra” is the antecedent. “She” is the subject pronoun.
We gave the students snacks. They enjoyed them.
“Students” is the antecedent. “They” is the pronoun.
“Snacks” is the antecedent. “Them” is the pronoun.

16. Lesson 7: Antecedent-Pronoun Agreement
A pronoun must match the antecedent in three ways:
Number (singular or plural)
The pilots told their passengers the estimated time of arrival.
Since “pilots” is plural, the possessive pronoun “their” is plural.
Person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd)
I need to buy my daughter new shoes.
“I” is in the 1st person , so “my” is as well.
Gender (masculine, feminine, or neutral)
Each person must order his or her own meal.
Since “person” does not have a specific gender and is singular, the possessive pronoun must refer to both genders in the singular form. “Their” is plural, so it cannot be used.

17. Lesson 8: Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns do not refer to specific nouns
Often, they do not have an antecedent
Singular
Plural
Singular or Plural
Another Each Everything One
Both
All None
Anybody Either Neither Somebody
Few
Any Some
Anyone Everybody Nobody Someone
Many
Most
Anything Everyone No one Something
Several

18. Indefinite Pronoun Examples
Everybody wondered when he or she would get a turn on the roller coaster.
Since “everybody” is a singular indefinite pronoun, the singular pronouns “he” and “she” must be used, not the plural pronoun “they”.
Most of the animals were hibernating in their homes.
“Most” can either be a singular or plural indefinite pronoun. However, since “animals” is plural, the possessive pronoun “their” is also plural.