1. Nineteenth Century Nationalism
Mr. Epps
World History
Chapter 19
SSWH15
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2. The Congress of Vienna (1815)
European rulers who gathered to reset boundaries after Napoleon’s defeat; included Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia and Russia
Conservatism = the belief in the value of social stability
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2014 marks both end points of the ‘long 19th century’, the period of relative peace that began arguably with the Congress of Vienna in September 1814 and lasted until the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914. 
Emperor Napoleon was defeated in May 1814 and Cossacks marched along the Champs-Elysées into Paris. The victorious Great Powers (Russia, Great Britain, Austria and Prussia) invited the other states of Europe to send plenipotentiaries to Vienna for a peace conference. At the end of the summer, emperors, kings, princes, ministers and representatives converged on the Austrian capital, crowding the walled city. The first priority of the Congress of Vienna was to deal with territorial issues: a new configuration of German states, the reorganization of central Europe, the borders of central Italy and territorial transfers in Scandinavia. Though the allies came close to blows over the partition of Poland, by February 1815 they had averted a new war thanks to a series of adroit compromises. There had been other pressing matters to settle: the rights of German Jews, the abolition of the slave trade and navigation on European rivers, not to mention the restoration of the Bourbon royal family in France, Spain and Naples, the constitution of Switzerland, issues of diplomatic precedence and, last but not least, the foundation of a new German confederation to replace the defunct Holy Roman Empire. 
In March 1815, in the midst of all these feverish negotiations, the unthinkable happened: Napoleon escaped from his place of exile on Elba and re-occupied the throne of France, starting the adventure known as the Hundred Days. The allies banded together once again and defeated him decisively at Waterloo on June 18th, 1815, nine days after having signed the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna. To prevent France from ever again becoming a threat to Europe, they briefly entertained the idea of dismembering it, just as they had Poland a few decades earlier. In the end, however, the French got away with a foreign military occupation and heavy war reparations. Napoleon was shipped to St Helena, a forlorn British possession in the South Atlantic, where he stayed out of mischief until his death. (
Conservatism, political doctrine that emphasizes the value of traditional institutions and practices.
Conservatism is a preference for the historically inherited rather than the abstract and ideal. This preference has traditionally rested on an organic conception of society—that is, on the belief that society is not merely a loose collection of individuals but a living organism comprising closely connected, interdependent members. Conservatives thus favour institutions and practices that have evolved gradually and are manifestations of continuity and stability. Government’s responsibility is to be the servant, not the master, of existing ways of life, and politicians must therefore resist the temptation to transform society and politics. (
All because of this guy

3. Page 625
The great powers adopted a principle of intervention. According to the principle, the great powers had the right to send across into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Refusing to accept the principle, Britain argued that the great powers should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states. The other great powers, however, used military forces to crush revolutions in Spain and Italy, as well as to restore monarchs to their thrones.
Before After

4. Liberalism and Nationalism
Liberalism = political philosophy that people should be as free as possible from government restraint; each group of people should have its own state & has Protected basic rights for all people (civil liberties) through a written document (Constitution)
Nationalism = when a community of people start to identify themselves through common languages, institutions, & customs; want to be united as a nation-state with one central government
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Liberalism grew out of the Enlightenment. Liberals believed that written documents would help guarantee people’s rights.

5. France
German States
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Revolutions 1848

6. Overall Effect of 1848 revolutions=Failed!!!

7. Marx and Socialism
Marxist Socialism emerged on top due to government fallout (1848 Germany)
Karl Marx: German philosopher ( ) who saw history as a long series of conflicts between social classes
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In the economic system of socialism, society (usually in the form of the government) owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities. This public ownership of the means of production, it was believed, would allow wealth to be distributed more equitably to everyone.
Early socialists, labeled by Karl Marx as “utopian socialists”, believed that workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be met. Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, was one utopian socialist. He believe that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment.
Karl Marx, along with fellow German Friedrich Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto. Marx believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggles”. According to Marx, oppressor and oppressed have always “stood in constant opposition to one another.” The oppressors owned the means of production, such as land, raw materials, money, etc. This gave them the power to control government and society

8. Marx and Socialism
Capitalistic property owners (Bourgeoisie) vs. industrial workers (Proletariat)
Wanted abolition of private property
Saw capitalist system getting larger and less rights for workers
This would lead to a revolution and therefore a classless society
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Marx believed he saw a society that was “more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.” The bourgeoisie (the middle class) was the oppressor. The proletariat (the working class) was the oppressed.

9. NO Socialism/Marxism Dictator=Classless society 1800s 1900s
Government controls the economy to protect the worker
1900s
“Them vs. Us”
Proletariat now rules society
1800s NO
Socialism/Marxism
Eliminates class
with revolution!
Adam Smith
Capitalism shows lack of worker’s rights
“Us vs. Them”
(Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat)
Karl Marx:
Communist Manifesto 1848

11. German states = Germany
German Unification
Prussia was known for its military (Militarism) and being authoritarian (strong leader)
Otto von Bismarck was appointed prime minister of Prussia and engaged in realpolitik: (politics based on practical matters not theory)
Bismarck used war as a form of “diplomacy”, gathering the individual German states into a unified country
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In the 1860s, King William I tried to enlarge the Prussian army. When the Prussian legislature refused to levy new taxes for the proposed military changes, William I appointed a new prime minister, Count Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck has often been seen as the foremost 19th century practitioner of realpolitik, the politics of reality or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics. Bismarck openly voiced his strong dislike of anyone who opposed him.
38 Individual
German states = Germany

12. Prime Minister Bismarck
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Emperor William I &
Prime Minister Bismarck

13. Seneca Falls (1848), Women’s Rights and Economies
A group of women in New York discussed women’s rights as proclaimed by Enlightenment thinkers: “that all men and women are equal”

14. Seneca Falls (1848), Women’s Rights and Economies
Issues: the right to vote, property rights, better working conditions for women, education
Feminism: the movement for women’s rights, main leaders: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Stanton; 19th Amendment gained voting rights for women
19th Amendment was ratified in 1920

15. New Scientific Thinking – Social Darwinism
Secularization: indifference to or the rejection
of religion in affairs of the world; truth in
science/humans, NOT in God
Charles Darwin: 1859, On the Origin of
Species by means of natural selection
Each species of animal, plant, & human evolved from earlier forms of life; stated that life forms exist due to adaptions through evolution (Natural Selection)
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It was believed that Europeans were superior to people from other continents. “Survival of the fittest” applied to human history.