1. The Ocean

2. Labeling the Ocean Zones
Add the following labels to your ocean diagram
Dunes
Photic (sunlit) Zone
200 m
Continental Shelf
10°C
Aphotic Zone (little to no sun)
Continental Slope
4°C
4000 m
Deep Ocean

3. Labeling the Deep Ocean
Photic (sunlit) Zone
200 m
Continental shelf
10°C
Aphotic Zone
Continental slope
4000 m
4°C
Deep Ocean
Abyssal Plain
Labeling the Deep Ocean
Add the labels in red to your ocean diagram
Deep Sea Trench

4. What is the ocean?
The ocean is a dynamic system in which many chemical, biological, and physical changes are taking place
The ocean is the largest reservoir for water and HEAT on the surface of the Earth

5. Photic Zone 0 meters- 200 meters
Plants are only found in the Photic (sunlit) Zone where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis

6. Aphotic Zone – the part of the ocean with little to no sunlight
200 meters – 4,000 meters
The deep ocean has long been of interest to scientists
In order to understand the deep ocean, scientists must gain access to very specific parts of it
Observation tools include human-occupied submersibles, remote-controlled vehicles and autonomous robots

7. Abyssal Plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor
4,000 meters – 6,000 Meters
Total Darkness, organisms living here must have special adaptations

8. Deep Sea Trench - also called oceanic trench, any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom
6,000 Meters and below
Site of hydrothermal vents
Organisms include vampire squid and chemosynthetic plankton

10. Vertical Zonation Patterns
Categorizing plants and animals into zones based on their arrangement in the habitat and how much sunlight is available

11. Ocean Ecosystem
All the living things and the physical environment that make up the area of an ocean

12. Nutrients
Chemicals that organisms need to live and grow; substances taken in from an organism’s environment that are used in an organism’s metabolism

13. Ocean water has many dissolved gases in it, especially nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide
Ocean wind and waves agitate the surface of the water, causing there to be much exchange of gases between the ocean and the atmosphere

14. Carbon dioxide is one of the most important bases that dissolve in the ocean
Most CO2 reacts with the water to form bicarbonates
Many marine organisms use this to form calcium bicarbonate shells
As atmospheric levels of gases rise, so do the levels of the same gases dissolved in ocean water

15. Minerals
Naturally occurring substance that is required by living organisms as part of their dietary nutritional intake

16. Upwelling makes the cold water along the bottom of the ocean near the shore begin to rise, carrying organic matter and sediment to the surface

17. Upwelling Phytoplankton use the nutrients from upwelling
This attracts organisms that eat phytoplankton
This attracts their consumers in return
As a result, areas of upwelling tend to be areas of rich biological activity, providing resources to a great diversity of ocean organisms
Approximately half of the fish caught in the world come from areas where there is upwelling

18. Deep Ocean Ecosystems
At one time, scientists thought that life could not exist on the deep ocean floor
This was proven incorrect in 1977
Organisms living on the deep ocean floor can withstand tremendous pressure, high temperatures, utter darkness and toxic chemicals
Many microbes have evolved chemosynthetic (instead of photosynthetic) processes to be able to create food using the dissolved chemicals in ocean water

19. Adaptations of Organisms in the Deep Ocean
Bioluminescence
Feeding mechanisms
Body color
Reproduction
Long lives
Gigantism

20. Bioluminescence Blue or blue-green in color
Most fish have lost the ability to see red light
Functions of Bioluminescence
Headlights
Social signal (attracting mates and mating)
Lures to attract prey
Counter-illumination
Confusion
“Burglar alarms”
Headlights for guiding (lantern fish)
Social signals (possibly to attract mates)
Lures to attract prey (angler fish)
Counter-illumination – to blend in with the glow of the light from above (camoflague)
Confusing predators or prey – to stun prey or divert attention (squid & bomber worms)
“Burglar alarms” – illuminates its attacker to call attention to bigger predators

21. Cold Seeps
White bacteria around a cold seep
Cold seeps produce lower-temperature fluids of natural gas, hydrocarbons, and methane at slower rates for longer periods
Some seeps may be thousands of years old!
Clams

22. Chemosynthetic
Some bacteria and plankton make food by taking in chemicals from cold seeps and hydrothermal vents and turning it into food
It’s like photosynthesis, but with chemicals instead of sunlight!

23. Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps are areas where chemical rich fluids radiate from the seafloor
These chemicals provide the energy for life in very harsh environments

24. Photic Zone – the top part of the ocean with sunlight
This is the only zone that has plants (no sunlight = no plants
The Photic Zone contains most of the biodiversity of the ocean