1. Cell Division Notes

2. Overview of Cell Division
Part I

3. Cell division:

4. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells

5. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells
Two types are mitosis and

6. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells
Two types are mitosis and meiosis

7. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells
Two types are mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have of DNA

8. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells
Two types are mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have identical sets of DNA

9. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells
Two types are mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have identical sets of DNA
Meiosis creates 4 new sex cells, such as sperm and eggs, that have the original amount of DNA

10. Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells
Two types are mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have identical sets of DNA
Meiosis creates 4 new sex cells, such as sperm and eggs, that have half the original amount of DNA

11. Mitosis 4 4 4
Original
Daughter Cells

12. Meiosis 2 2 4 2 2
Original
Daughter Cells

13. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:

14. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Growth:

15. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Growth: an increase in size of an organism

16. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Growth: an increase in size of an organism
What type of cell division is used for growth?

17. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Growth: an increase in size of an organism
What type of cell division is used for growth? Mitosis

18. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Growth: an increase in size of an organism
What type of cell division is used for growth? Mitosis
Why are multicellular organisms made of many small cells, rather than a few large cells?

19. The larger the cell becomes,

20. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell

21. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large to ratio

22. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to ratio

23. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio

24. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio
This means they need to have a large surface area or that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.

25. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio
This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.

26. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio
This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.
They also need to have a small volume or amount of that requires fewer materials and has a shorter distance for transport

27. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio
This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.
They also need to have a small volume or amount of cytoplasm that requires fewer materials and has a shorter distance for transport

28. The larger the cell becomes,
The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell
Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio
This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.
They also need to have a small volume or amount of cytoplasm that requires fewer materials and has a shorter distance for transport
Small cells have a large surface area to volume ratio

29. The larger the cell becomes,

30. The larger the cell becomes,
The more strain is placed on the DNA

31. The larger the cell becomes,
The more strain is placed on the DNA
The role of DNA is to

32. The larger the cell becomes,
The more strain is placed on the DNA
The role of DNA is to hold the genetic information (directions) of the cell

33. The larger the cell becomes,
The more strain is placed on the DNA
The role of DNA is to hold the genetic information (directions) of the cell
The larger the cell, the more proteins are needed to keep the cell running.

34. The larger the cell becomes,
The more strain is placed on the DNA
The role of DNA is to hold the genetic information (directions) of the cell
The larger the cell, the more proteins are needed to keep the cell running. Bigger cells don’t have more DNA to make extra proteins.

35. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:

36. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Repair:

37. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body

38. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body
For example, if you cut your finger, the cut heals, because new cells are made to replace the dead and injured cells.

39. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body
For example, if you cut your finger, the cut heals, because new cells are made to replace the dead and injured cells.
What type of cell division is used for repair?

40. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body
For example, if you cut your finger, the cut heals, because new cells are made to replace the dead and injured cells.
What type of cell division is used for repair? Mitosis

41. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:

42. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction:

43. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring

44. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:

45. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction:

46. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

47. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction?

48. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis

49. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis
Sexual reproduction:

50. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis
Sexual reproduction: process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism

51. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis
Sexual reproduction: process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
What type of cell division is used for sexual reproduction?

52. Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:
Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring
Two types of reproduction:
Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis
Sexual reproduction: process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
What type of cell division is used for sexual reproduction? Meiosis

53. The Cell Cycle
Part II

54. Cell Cycle:

55. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

56. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts

57. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation:

58. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation: Interphase

59. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation: Interphase
Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

60. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation: Interphase
Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
Cell Division (nuclear division) and (cytoplasm division)

61. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation: Interphase
Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and (cytoplasm division)

62. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation: Interphase
Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)

63. Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
2 Main Parts
Growth and Preparation: Interphase
Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
Consists of the M phase

64. 4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Description G1 S G2 M

65. 4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Description G1
Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S G2 M

66. 4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Description G1
Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S
Synthesis: Making of new DNA molecules G2 M

67. 4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Description G1
Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S
Synthesis: Making of new DNA molecules G2
Gap 2: Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced M

68. 4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Description G1
Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S
Synthesis: Making of new DNA molecules G2
Gap 2: Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced M
Mitosis

69. Chromosome

70. Chromosome
Made of , whose job is to

71. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to

72. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information

73. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the

74. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus

75. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called or condensed

76. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _ strand of DNA called a , and replicated chromosomes consist of _ identical strands of DNA called

77. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of _ identical strands of DNA called

78. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called

79. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids

80. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids
The cells in each type of organism have a certain number of chromosomes. Example human body cells have chromosomes in their nuclei.

81. Chromosome
Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information
Are located in the nucleus
Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids
The cells in each type of organism have a certain number of chromosomes. Example human body cells have chromosomes in their nuclei.

82. Sister Chromatids-

83. Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome

84. Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome
Centromere-

85. Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome
Centromere- Area of attachment for the sister chromatids

86. Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome
Centromere- Area of attachment for the sister chromatids

87. M Phase in Detail
Part III

88. M Phase
Main roles include division of the and the of a cell

89. M Phase
Main roles include division of the nucleus and the of a cell

90. M Phase
Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell

91. M Phase
Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell
Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.

92. M Phase
Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell
Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.
Creates daughter cells

93. M Phase
Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell
Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.
Creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells

94. Starting Point Animal cell during interphase

95. 4 Stages of Mitosis

96. 4 Stages of Mitosis
Prophase:

97. 4 Stages of Mitosis
Prophase:
Chromosomes become visible

98. 4 Stages of Mitosis Prophase: Chromosomes become visible
Centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus

99. 4 Stages of Mitosis

100. 4 Stages of Mitosis
Metaphase:

101. 4 Stages of Mitosis Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

102. 4 Stages of Mitosis Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Spindle fibers project out from the centrioles

103. 4 Stages of Mitosis

104. 4 Stages of Mitosis
Anaphase:

105. 4 Stages of Mitosis Anaphase:
Sister chromatids split into individual chromosomes

106. 4 Stages of Mitosis Anaphase:
Sister chromatids split into individual chromosomes
Move towards opposite ends of the cell

107. 4 Stages of Mitosis

108. 4 Stages of Mitosis
Telophase:

109. 4 Stages of Mitosis Telophase:
Chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of chromatin

110. 4 Stages of Mitosis Telophase:
Chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of chromatin
Nuclear envelope reforms around the chromatin

111. Cytokinesis

112. Cytokinesis
Division of the

113. Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm

114. Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Occurs at the same time as

115. Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm
Occurs at the same time as telophase

116. Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm
Occurs at the same time as telophase
Occurs differently in animal and plant cells

117. Cytokinesis

118. Cytokinesis
Animal cell:

119. Cytokinesis
Animal cell: Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched in two nearly equal parts

120. Cytokinesis

121. Cytokinesis
Plant cell:

122. Cytokinesis
Plant cell: cell plate forms in between the new nuclei; becomes the new cell membrane

123. Review What are the main events of interphase?
List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.

124. Review What are the main events of interphase?
Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell
List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase

125. Review What are the main events of interphase?
Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell
List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase
Metaphase

126. Review What are the main events of interphase?
Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell
List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase

127. Review What are the main events of interphase?
Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell
List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

128. Review
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are to the parent cell.

129. Review
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

130. Review
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
The new cells can be used for
, , and .

131. Review
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
The new cells can be used for growth , , and .

132. Review
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
The new cells can be used for growth , repair , and .

133. Review
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.
The new cells can be used for growth , repair , and reproduction .

134. Cancer
Part IV

135. Cancer-

136. Cancer- a disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth and division
Cells receive chemical signals that let them know when to start and stop dividing.
There are also checkpoints to make sure that the DNA has replicated and is dividing properly.
Cancer cells do not respond to these chemical signals and are not stopped at checkpoints because the genes that control these functions are mutated. As a result, the cell cycle is uncontrolled.

138. Tumor-

139. Tumor- Mass of cells

140. Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.

141. Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign-

142. Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors

143. This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant-

144. This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant- uncontrolled growth

145. Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant- uncontrolled growth
How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?

146. This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant- uncontrolled growth
How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?
 It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it

147. This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant- uncontrolled growth
How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?
 It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it
Metastasis-

148. This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant- uncontrolled growth
How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?
 It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it
Metastasis- when cancer cells break off a tumor and circulate throughout the body

149. This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor- Mass of cells
This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
Benign- self-limiting tumors
Malignant- uncontrolled growth
How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?
 It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it
Metastasis- when cancer cells break off a tumor and circulate throughout the body
This is especially dangerous because it can result in multiple organs shutting down.