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Cold War and a New Western World,

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Presentation on theme: "Cold War and a New Western World,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Cold War and a New Western World, 1945 - 1970
Chapter 28 Cold War and a New Western World,

2 Development of the Cold War
Differing historical perspectives Power politics Soviets concerned about western borders United States unwilling to give up its new power and prestige Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary

3 Confrontation of the Superpowers
Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947 Civil war in Greece and Turkey Marshall Doctrine, June 1947, European Recovery Program $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe Soviet view George Kennan and containment Soviets dismantle and remove factories Blockade of Berlin, Germany separated, 1949 West German Federal Republic, September German Democratic Republic, October Communist win Chinese civil war, 1949 Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949 Military alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 Warsaw Pact, 1955

4 New Sources of Contention
Korean War North Koreans invaded the south, 1950 Chinese intervene when UN troops approach the border Uneasy truce, 1953 Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, Policy of massive retaliation Central Treaty Organization Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Nikita Khrushchev ( ), leader of Soviet Union Berlin Crisis ICBM missile and Sputnik I launched Berlin Wall, 1961 President John F. Kennedy ( ) Summit meeting in Vienna

5 American troops advancing in Korean War

6 The Korean War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

7 Soviet missile installation in Cuba

8 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move toward Détente
Fidel Castro (b. 1927) Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959 Established a communist regime Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 US discovers missile bases being built President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba

9 The Vietnam War President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 Domino theory If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations in Asia would fall to communism President Richard Nixon ( ) vows to bring an honorable end Begins withdrawing troops Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops

10 Lyndon Johnson

11 The Vietnam War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

12 Recovery and Renewal in Europe
The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev Stalin’s method for the recovery of the Soviet Union By 1947 The Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels Very few consumer goods produced Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev ( ) Ends the forced labor camps Condemns Stalinist programs There seem to be a loosening of restraint Encourages rebellion in satellite nations Rebellions will be crushed Agricultural setbacks Industrial decline

13 Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans Communist governments were under the control of the Soviet Union Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more and more independent Josip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia Eastern European countries followed the Soviet pattern Five year plans Farm collectivization Khrushchev’s Rule Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries Rebellion in Poland Wladyslaw Gomulka, 1956, elected first secretary Poland follows its own socialist plan

14 Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Hungary & Czechoslovakia
This time dissent was directed at communism as well Dissatisfaction and economic problems create tense situation Imry Nagy ( ) declares Hungary free, November 1, 1956 Promises free elections Soviet Union attacks Budapest, November Janos Kadar ( ) replaced Nagy Czechoslovakia, 1968 Antonin Novotny ( ) Alexander Dubcek ( ), “socialism with a human face” Initiated reforms Reform crushed by the Warsaw Pact

15 Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy
Europe recovered rapidly from World War II Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery France: The Domination of De Gaulle Charles de Gaulle ( ) Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France Algerian crisis Defeat in Indochina Fifth Republic, 1958 Powers of the President enhanced Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race Economic growth Student riots, May 1968 Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 

16 Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy
West Germany: A New Nation? Konrad Adenauer ( ) Reconciliation with France Resurrection of the economy Adenauer succeed by Ludwig Erhard. Great Britain: The Welfare State Clement Atlee ( ) British Welfare State Meant dismantling of the British Empire Continued economic problems

17 Western Europe: The Move toward Unity
European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community (Common Market)

18 The End of European Colonies
Africa: The Struggle for Independence Kwame Nkrumah; Convention People’s Party Jomo Kenyatta; Kenya African National Union French in North Africa Granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 Guerrilla war in Algeria South Africa African National Congress Apartheid Nelson Mandela Ghana was the first to gain independence, 1957 Others followed Portuguese gave up Angola and Mozambique, 1975

19 Decolonization in Africa
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

20 Conflict in the Middle East
Emergence of new independent states Arab League, 1945 Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state within Palestine Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948 The move angers the Arab states Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964 Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins

21 Decolonization in the Middle East
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

22 Asia: Nationalism and Communism
Philippines granted independence, 1946 India Muslims and Hindus Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948 British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) French efforts to keep Vietnam

23 China Under Communism Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)
Mao Zedong ( ) Victory in 1948 Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955 Great Leap Forward, 1958 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Red Guards

24 Decolonization in Asia
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

25 American Politics and Society in the 1950s
Influence of the New Deal New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Prosperity of the 1950s McCarthyism and the “Red Scare”

26 An Age of Upheaval: America in the 1960s & Lyndon Johnson
Great Society War on Poverty Job Corps Department of Housing and Urban Development Civil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr. ( ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference Assassinated, 1968 Malcolm X Summer of 1965 Antiwar protests Kent State University, 1970

27 Development of Canada Economic development Military concerns
Supports the United Nations NORAD

28 Postwar Society The Structure of European Society
Middle class joined by new group of white collar workers Further urbanization Rising income Mass tourism

29 Patterns Old and New: Women in the Postwar Western World
Participation in the workforce declines until end of 1950s “Baby boom” Birth control Increased employment in the 1960s Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation Right to vote Simone de Beauvoir ( ) The Second Sex, 1949

30 Revolutions: Sexual & Student
Permissive Society Sexual revolution Breakdown of the traditional family Drug culture Education and Student Revolt Higher education becoming more widespread Problems Overcrowding Professors who paid too little attention to students Authoritative administrators Seemingly irrelevant education Student strikes in France, 1968 Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

31 Revolutions: Sexual & Student Continued
Postwar Art Abstract Expressionism Postwar literature Samuel Beckett Albert Camus Existentialism Religion Karl Barth

32 Discussion Questions What was the reasoning behind the ending of colonial holdings? What changes in the Eastern European countries took place under Khrushchev? Why would France not become the third super power that De Gaulle wanted? What societal changes, especially in the US, took place in the 1970s?

33 Web Links Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Korean War Nikita Khrushchev
Cuban Missile Crisis Iron Curtain Charles de Gaulle Palestine Liberation Organization Mao Zedong Kent State Massacre

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