1. KAUSAR AHMAD KULLIYYAH OF PHARMACY, IIUM PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 1 Creams An introduction it is not http://staff.iium.edu.my/akausar

2. Contents PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 2 Types of creams Mode of action Factors influencing efficacy

3. Manifestation of skin problem PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 3

4. Example of Cream for the treatment of eczema http://www.freederm.com/ PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 4 CLAIMS: stops itching, heals and softens the skin, kills bacteria that causes irritation.

5. Considerations in Dosage Design PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 5 Types of ailments e.g. Headache Cough Rashes Fever Cold Delivery route of medications e.g. Oral Ocular Buccal Percutaneous/Transdermal Skin is barrier CREAMS, gels, pastes, poultices

6. Cream PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 6 e.g. lanolin or petrolatum, and water, the main ingredient being water a viscous, semisolid emulsion of oil spreads readily Preferable Non-greasy aqueous cream as water washable bases e.g. hydrocortisone cream oil-in-water greasy e.g. emollient & cleansing water-in-oil

7. Ointment PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 7 ointment - a semisolid emulsion of oil and water, the main ingredient being oil many topical drugs specially formulated ophthalmic ointments applied topically to the eye without causing irritation

8. Mode of action PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 8 e.g. sunscreen In intimate contact with skin with the site of action for a period of time 1) Local and topical e.g. acne Reach local circulation underneath skin Release drugs from base & penetrate across different layers of skin Penetrate through skin 2) Localised systemic action

9. PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 9

10. Interfacial boundaries Penetration routesTreatments SurfaceInsect repellent Anti-microbial Stratum corneum Emollient Exfoliant AppendagesAnti-perspirant Viable epidermis Anti- inflammatory Anaesthetic DermisAnti-pruritic CirculationTransdermal system PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 10 Drug dissolves, diffuse, release from vehicle partition./diffusion Transepidermal Transappendageal Pilosebaceous unit Eccrine/ apocrine gland Partition/ diffusion Remove via circulation

11. Factors influencing efficacy PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 11 Diffusion through skin Partition coefficient, pH, solubility….at the various layers of the skin Can be modified by surfactants Factors influencing absorption Age, skin condition, drug/skin/vehicle interactions, temperature……

12. e.g.Zinc cream BP (w/o) PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 12 ZnO suspended in a w/o emulsion of peanut oil. The emulsifying agent is calcium oleate and wool fat.

13. e.g. W/O emulsifying agent PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 13 Wool fat Wool alcohols A fatty acid ester of sorbitan The salt of a fatty acid A divalent metal Ca ++ Q What is the HLB no. of above?

14. e.g. Aqueous cream BP PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 14 30% of emulsifying ointment with purified water preserved with chlorocresol. Boil and cool sufficient purified water. Measure the quantity required and dissolve the chlorocresol with the aid of gentle heat. Add solution to the melted emulsifying ointment. Stir gently until cold.

15. e.g. O/W emulsifying agents PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 15 Alkali salt of a fatty acid e.g. potassium oleate PEG derivative of a sorbitan fatty acid ester Q What is the HLB no of the above?

16. Ingredients of FreeDermHC PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 16 API 1% hydrocortisone Excipients deionized water, polawax cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, dimethicone, propylene glycol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, imidazolidinyl urea, benzylalkonium chloride, triethanolamine, citric acid. Q What is the function of each ingredient above?

17. Conclusion PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 17 Disadvantages Incomplete easily brushed off Dose not known Dose accuracy not maintained Microbial growth if WATER is contaminated Shorter shelf life compared to solid dosage forms Advantages Convenient Easy to administer Localised Immediate effect Prompt drug withdrawal Easy to manufacture

18. Exercise PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 18 Describe the function of the following creams and identify the active ingredients: Ellgy Mecdema Sun Sense Fucidin Elomet

19. References PHM4153 Dosage Design 2 2010/11 19 Gennaro, A. R. (2000). Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20 th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p 836-857 Ansel, H. C., Allen, V. & Poovich, N. G. (1999). Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems 7 th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p 244-262 Weiner, M. L. & Kotkoskie, L. A. (2000). Excipient Toxicity and Safety. New York: Marcel Dekker. Chapter 7 (Library: RS201) Magdassi,S. & Touitou, E. (1999). Novel Cosmetic Delivery Systems. New York: Marcel Dekker. Chap 9 (Librray: TP983.3)