1. Chemistry Review

2. Elements are the new building blocks
Hydrogen
Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6
Oxygen-8

3. COMPOUNDS
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen

4. COMPOUNDS Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
When electrons are shared, they don’t just stay around the element that first owned them.
Hydrogen

5. Elements are the new building blocks
Let’s build ethanol from the water and methane. Note: this isn’t how ethanol is made, but you can see the building block approach. H O H H C H H H

6. C O Hydrocarbons Lipids: oils & fats Gasoline Diesel-12 O Oil-20
Plastic s C H H C O H
Hydrocarbons are simple. They are built from only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. The number of carbon atoms determines what we use them for. H O C H H
If we use oxygen atoms, we can make lipids. C O H H O C H H C O H H

7. C C N O O N O C C Ammonia Acetic acid H H H H H H H H H
Let’s look at ammonia and acetic acid and how the proton from acetic acid may go to ammonia to make ammonium ion C C N O H O H N C C O H H H H H H H
Ammonia
Acetic acid
Vinegar

8. Amino acids are building blocks for proteinsH O
Glycine
Alanine H N C C O H
acid H
Amino H
Glycine is the simplest of the amino acids. Let’s now make alanine. H
Sulfur is needed for two of the essential amino acids. H

9. Amino acids are building blocks for proteinsH H O C N H C N O O H H H
Glycine
Glycine
Amino acids connect as a water molecule is released.

10. Amino acids are building blocks for proteinsH O H
20 amino acids N C C O H H
By attaching various combinations of the 5 above atoms at this location, living things make a total of 20 amino acids that then build all the proteins they need.

11. This is how nylon is made
This is how nylon is made. A mixture of Hexamethylene Diamine (one with green nitrogen atoms) and Adipic acid (one with red oxygen atoms). This synthesis happens spontaneously with water molecules being released.

12. Chemistry changes the way you look at the world.

13. Visualization and placement of atoms
This stick figure is made by placing carbon monoxide molecules onto a surface using a Scanning Tunneling Microscope. Each piece was made with a carbon monoxide molecule, with atoms only 0.07 nanometers across.
The “drawing” seems childish until you realize how small the carbon dioxide molecules are.
You are familiar with needlepoint. By placing small stitches on a surface, you can make designs.
0.07 nm
Carbon monoxide man
Visualization and placement of atoms

14. Now imagine that your hand is very large and you are trying to place those stitches (atoms) in that needlepoint pattern there on Earth.
Yes, from this distance we can realize how small those stitches are. However, we have to pull back even farther to have them the size of atoms.
Here the stitches are much larger than atoms. To get a sense of the size of atoms, we must place this needlepoint pattern far way.
Imagine you are going to make this snowflake design and each stitch is an atom.
Do you now have an appreciation of how amazing it is to place atoms into a pattern?

15. Breaking the speed limit everywhere
ATOMS
Breaking the speed limit everywhere

16. Atomic World: Fast and Furious
Helium
1 mile/sec
3,000 miles per hour
Air (oxygen + nitrogen)
1,000 miles per hour
7,000,000,000
collisions per second

17. BIG BLUE MARBLE
When the Earth was photographed from the moon, it was often described as the Big Blue Marble.
A marble is looked upon as beautiful but static– motionless.

18. Of course we know better
Of course we know better. From a distance, we can’t see the movement of cars, animals, people, wind, and waterfalls. However, that doesn’t mean all this activity is not happening.

19. This is not true. The atoms are in constant motion and are responding to radio ways as well as other types of light. Infrared light is causing the molecules to vibrate. Visible light is causing the electrons to jump to higher orbits absorbing and emitting certain colors. Light is also be slowed down as it interacts with the atoms causing the light to be refracted into a rainbow of colors.
Let’s make Earth marble size
When we look at real marbles, we have the impression they just sit there– motionless.

20. One thing Neo learned in the Matrix was that he needed to understand it at the most basic level. Once he did, he could control it. Chemistry is very similar.

21. 01011011 = “m” key 01001011 = “M” key 00001011 = Enter key
Shift key turns off 5th switch
= Enter key
Ctrl key shuts off 5th & 7th switches
To most people the keys on the keyboard are just letters. To a person who knows the underlying makeup, they can do things that seem impossible. For example, let’s say the Enter key stops working. Knowing that the “m” key building blocks of bits are very similar to those of the “Enter” key allows that person to use the “m” key along with the Ctrl key to do the same as the Enter key. You can launch Notepad to demonstrate that.
Launch Notepad

22. Water: the Universal Solvent
One side of water is negatively charged because the oxygen atom keeps the shared electrons longer than the hydrogen atoms. As a result the oxygen side is negatively charged and the hydrogen side of water is positively charged. O

23. Water: the Universal Solvent
Like a magnet that pulls on things that are magnetic, water pulls on things that are electrically charged. Magnets have north & south poles, water has positive and negative poles and thus called a polar solvent.
Since unlike charges attract, the negative end of water will be attracted to the positive sodium ion. The positive end of water will be attracted to the negative chloride ion.
Since water is always in motion, it will pull on the ionic compound and move the ions away from each other. This dissolves the ionic compound. O O
Cl-
Na+ O O O

24. Wax does not repel water
We’ve heard that wax or oils repel water. But that isn’t true. Water is so attracted to other water molecules that anything between them is squeezed out of the way. O O
Oil droplet O
Simple motion paths with some spin makes this concept easier to understand. O O

25. When you know chemistry, there’s a new level of looking at the world around you.