1. Integrated Water Management AIChE December 2011 Meeting
John Barber, Ph.D.
Superintendent
Waste Disposal Services Dept.
Eastman Chemical Company

2. Water Scarcity Increasing worldwide
Previously a developing nation issue
Now Spain, Australia, U.K, U.S.
Quantity and quality concerns
Finite resource

3. World Water Stress
World Resources Institute, 2003

4. Disappearing Aral Sea in Central Asia
Aral Sea (central Asia) was once the world’s 4th largest lake; now it is 10% its former size; 138-ft deep at deepest

6. Colorado River -from this to that
The mighty Colorado and Hoover dam; at the U.S.-Mexico border near San Luis

7. South Fork Holston River (8/10/2000)

8. Global Distribution of Water
97.5% Oceans
2.5% Fresh Water
69.5% Glaciers and Permafrost
30.1% Groundwater
0.4% Surface and Atmosphere
77.5% Lakes, Rivers, Wetlands
12.2% Soil Moisture
9.5% Atmosphere

9. “Many of the wars this century were about oil, but those of the next century will be over water.” – Egyptian Ismail Serageldin, senior World Bank official

10. Is water the new oil?
T. Boone Pickens thinks so. From oil man to largest individual owner of water – 65 billion gallons/year

11. Water Footprint Concept

14. Water Use in the U.S. 339 billion gallons/day fresh water withdrawn
2X population growth for past 200 years
Now 10% less than in 1985, though population grew
Conservation?
Harder to come by?

15. Water Use in the U.S. 1300 gallon/person/day withdrawn
40% for irrigation (78% in California)
3x average of Europe
US Household use = 100 gal/person/day

17. World Water Cost and Consumption
Low cost = waste

18. Water Conservation – the cheapest gallon of water is one that you don’t have to find, treat, and distribute

19. Electric Power in the U.S.
Thermoelectric and Hydroelectric
Uses more water than any other single purpose
131 billion gallons/day
3% consumed

20. It takes a lot of water to produce energy It takes a lot of energy to treat water

21. Water – Energy Nexus

22. Energy Intensity of Water Sources

23. “I am convinced that, under present conditions and with the way water is being managed, we will run out of water long before we run out of fuel.” – former CEO of Nestle, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe in The Economist (2008)

24. Adoption of a One Water Paradigm
Institutional Structures
Sustainable Integrated Water Management
Science & Technology to Produce Clean Water for Reuse
Management of Water in the Natural and Built Environment

25. “Silo” Management of Water

26. Integrated Water Management
Reduce demand for freshwater
Increase water recycling and reuse
Turn stormwater into a water supply asset
“Fit for Purpose” – match water quality to end user needs
Green Infrastructure – multi-purpose and multi-benefit
No distinct classes of water
Continual cycle

27. The Water/Energy/Nutrient Nexus of Wastewater

28. Wastewater Resource Recovery Opportunities
WWT Plants become Resource Recovery Plants
Implement within existing facilities

29. Example Resource Recovery Center
Primary Revenue Ultrapure water for industry makeup and aquifer recharge
Peak electricity sales to grid
Primary Clarifier or Filter
Low Energy Membrane for BOD and TSS Removal
Sewage
Food waste, misc. organics
Electricity
Methane
Electricity Generation
Nutrient Removal and Recovery
Anaerobic Digester
CO2
Final Filter
Secondary Revenue
Irrigation water
Fuel savings
Inorganic fertilizer
Algae Conversion to Biodiesel

30. NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

31. Uses for Recycled Water
TREATMENT LEVEL
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Advanced
Processes
Sedimentation
Biological Oxidation & Disinfection
Chem Coagulation, Filtration & Disinfection
Activated Carbon, Reverse Osmosis, Advanced Oxidation Processes, etc.
End Use
None recommended
Irrigation of orchard, and non-food crops
Landscape and golf course irrigation
Indirect potable reuse including recharge of potable aquifer and surface water reservoir augmentation and potable reuse
Recharge of non-potable aquifer
Toilet flushing and vehicle washing
Industrial cooling
Food crop irrigation
Wetlands and stream augmentation
Recreational impoundments

32. Fit for Purpose Water
Reclaimed water that has received the most appropriate level of treatment for a specific beneficial reuse

34. Water Reuse in the Food Products Industry
Coca-Cola’s goal  zero water footprint for production
Reduce, recycle, replenish
Partnership with New United Resource Recovery Corporation (Spartanburg, SC)
Move toward total recycle of treated water
Product quality, product safety and public health are paramount

35. Conversion of Recycled Bottles to Food Grade Plastic
High-speed auto sort
Shred and wash PET
Float bath to remove PVC caps and paper labels
Initial rinse
Chemical treatment and 2nd rinse
Auto visual scan to remove non-spec plastic
Final rinse and dry

36. Demand and Water Quality Needs
Location/System
Demand
Required Water Quality
Continuous or Intermittent
Front End Rinse
50 gpm per train
Standard Reuse
Continuous
Intermediate Rinse
5 gpm per train
Potable
Final rinse
City Water
Cooling Tower
Irrigation
10 gpm
Intermittent
Restrooms
2 gpm

37. Physical-Chemical Water Reclamation
Two-pass RO provides potable water quality; standard reuse quality with one-pass RO
Centrifuge thickening and plate/frame dewatering

38. Manhattan 125 Maintenance Garage

42. Rainwater and Steam Condensate Harvesting System

43. The Solaire Residential Tower
27-story, 293 units, completed in 2003, Battery Park City

44. Rooftop of The Solaire

45. Wastewater Management at The Solaire
On-site blackwater treatment system recycles 100% of building’s wastewater for use in cooling towers, toilets and landscape irrigation
Dual plumbing to accommodate graywater separation
Water-efficient fixtures and low-flow toilets
Potable water demand reduced 50% by using recycled wastewater

46. Rainwater Management at The Solaire
Water retention layer in rooftop landscaping reduces stormwater velocity and volume
Subsurface infiltration basins remove pollutants from rainwater
Runoff collected in 10,000-gallon basement storage tank with sediment basin and treatment system
Water used for irrigating landscaping and operating the cooling tower

47. Green Infrastructure Rain gardens and rain barrels
Porous concrete and permeable pavement
Vegetated swales
Green roofs
Water harvesting
Bioretention and infiltration

48. Green Infrastructure & the Triple Bottom Line

50. The $42 Million “Waterless Toilet” Challenge from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

51. Barriers to Integrated Water Management
Regulatory constraints
Vary from state to state
Virginia with ten distinctly different surface water regs
Water rights and rain collection (western states)
Recycled water and graywater use regulations
Dual plumbing
Cross-connection potential
Plumbing codes and water conservation

53. “When the well’s dry, we know the worth of water.” – Benjamin Franklin

54. Questions?

61. Palmer Drought Severity Index
-4 or less = extreme drought