1. University of Washington Ballast Water Research Update
Russ Herwig, Jeff Cordell, Dave Lawrence
School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, UW
Washington Sea Grant
December 6, 2007
UW Ballast Water

2. Principal Research Scientist
The current team
Jeff Cordell
Principal Research Scientist
Zooplankton
Dave Lawrence
Research Scientist
Phytoplankton
UW Ballast Water

3. Team, continued Olga Kalata Nissa Ferm Research Scientist
zooplankton
Nissa Ferm
SMA Graduate Student
zooplankton
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4. Major Projects and Collaborations
State of Washington Ballast Sampling
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Allen Pleus, Pam Meacham, Keith Streick, Gary Gertsen
Sodium Hypochlorite Ballast Water Treatment Studies
Severn Trent De Nora
Rudy Matousek
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) - Surrogate Species Project
Old Dominion University
Fred Dobbs
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Don Anderson
Marshall University
Andrew Rogerson
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5. Presentation Outline Preliminary Comments
Different types of ships
“Famous” introductions
Ballast water exchange
State of Washington Ballast Water Sampling
Necessity for ballast water treatment
Inoculation and propagule pressure
Ballast Water Treatment Development and Experiments
Proposed and existing discharge standards
Technologies “on the table”
Scaling up treatment tests
Shipboard tests
Concluding Remarks
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6. Cougar Ace, Gulf of Alaska, July 2006
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7. Comment 1 Know your vessel types and voyage patterns.
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8. Russ Herwig
UW Ballast Water

9. Russ Herwig
UW Ballast Water

10. Russ Herwig
UW Ballast Water

11. Other vessel types Container ships Tankers and Tanker Barges
Bryan Nielsen
Tankers and Tanker Barges
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12. Port of Seattle Year Vessel Calls 2002 990 2003 1,012 2004 1,095 2005
1,345
2006
1,301
2006
Vessel Type
Number
Container
814
Cruise
196
Grain
109
Barge
182
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13. Comment 2 Not all invasive species are created equal.
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14. UW Ballast Water

15. UW Ballast Water

16. It’s not just zebra and quagga mussels.
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17. Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
Copepod first appeared in Columbia River, 1990
Found as “monoculture” in many other west coast rivers
Displaced native copepods
Important in diet of crabs and mysid shrimp
Replaced in the Columbia River by two new invasive copepod species
Jeff Cordell
Native to: Japan, China, Korea
UW Ballast Water

18. Pseudodiaptomus forbesi
Native to: Japan, China, Korea
First recorded in San Francisco Estuary, 1987
Recorded in Columbia River Estuary, 2002
Jeff Cordell
Appears to have displaced previously introduced P. inopinus in the Columbia River, which is no longer abundant
UW Ballast Water

19. Upper map shows stations for zooplankton sampled from lower Columbia River docks by WSU Vancouver (S. Bollens). Note presence of Pseudodiaptomus forbesi at all stations
Lower map shows stations sampled during Middle Columbia-Snake River non-indigenous species survey: P. forbesi occurred throughout the middle Columbia R., up to the confluence with the Snake River. It also occurred at the uppermost station in the reservoir of the Ice Harbor dam on the Snake River. Thus, it has negotiated the first five dams in the system. Question for the audience: what might be the vectors for this spread? Grain barges?
It is interesting to note that P. forbesi did not occur in the Hanford Reach, the last free-flowing stretch of the lower river.
UW Ballast Water

20. May and August 2005
Results from 2005 sampling of lower Columbia River docks: percent composition of P. forbesi and native plankton groups.
Upper graphs from May sampling, lower graphs from August sampling.
Take home point: if you sampled only in the spring, plankton would appear to be largely native, but in Autumn, it is hugely dominated by the invasive copepod (except lowest station)
UW Ballast Water

21. Reservoir Lower Granite Little Goose Lower Monumental Ice Harbor
McNary
Results from Middle Columbia-Snake river sampling (Aug-Sept. 2006): many stations in the lower Columbia River are dominated by P. forbesi.
Hanford Reach dominated by native calanoid copepods.
Snake River reservoirs dominated by native Daphnia and cyclopoid copepods
Questions: do physical (e.g., current in the Hanford Reach) or biotic (e.g., competition from native species) resistance factors keep P. forbesi from expanding upstream in the Columbia and Snake rivers, or will it continue to move upstream?
This material will be published in the proceedings of the last International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions
John Day
Bonneville
UW Ballast Water

22. Washington Non-Indigenous Marine/Estuarine Species “Introduced” by Ballast Water
The others
The biggies
Carcinus maenus
Crab, European green
Eriocheir sinensis
Crab, mitten
Styela clava
Tunicate, club (solitary)
Ciona savignyi
Tunicate, transparent (solitary)
Molgula manhattensis
Tunicate (solitary)
Botrylloides violaceus
Tunicate, chain (colonial)
Botryllus schlosseri
Tunicate, golden star (colonial)
Didemnum sp.
Tunicate (colonial)
Diadumene lineate
Anemone, orange-stripe
Petricolaria pholadiformis
Angelwing, false
Zoobotryon verticillatum
Bryozoan, spaghetti
Neotrapezium liratum
Clam, Japanese
Potamocorbula amurensis
Clam, Asian
Gemma gemma
Clam, Atlantic gem
Mercenaria mercenaria
Clam, Northern quahog
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Comb jelly, Leidy’s
Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
Copepod
Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Crab, Harris mud
Sabella spallanzanii
Fan worm, Mediterranean
Tridentiger trigonocephalus
Goby, chameleon goby
Orthione griffensis
Isopod, Griffen’s (parasitic)
Maeotias inexspectata
Jellyfish, Black Sea
Phyllorhiza punctata
Jellyfish, spotted
Batallaria attramentaria
Mudsnail, Asian
Geukensia demissa
Mussel, Atlantic ribbed
Perna spp.
Mussel, New Zealand green
Musculista senhousia
Mussel, Japanese
Exopalaemon modestus
Prawn, Siberian
Crepidula fornicata
Snail, Atlantic slipper
Clathria prolifera
Sponge, red beard
Busycotypus canaliculatus
Whelk, channeled
Nuttallia obscurata
Clam, purple varnish
Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Watch List (Invasive Species Council, August 2007)
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23. What to do? Ballast water exchange.
Ship exchanges the water in its ballast tanks 50 to 200 nautical miles from coast
Empty-refill method
Flow through method
2 to 3 times volume of water is flushed through ballast tank
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24. State of Washington Ballast Sampling
Sampling initiated 6 years ago by University of Washington
Later, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling; preserved zooplankton samples provided to UW
2 ship inspectors - Puget Sound and Columbia River
Sampling: 3 vertical plankton tows per sampled ballast tank
73 µm mesh net
Zooplankton identified to lowest taxonomic level possible
Examined ballast samples from 246 ships,
Accepted for publication, Aquatic Conservation
UW developing MS Access database
Quicker analysis of data
Less errors in data entry
Today, preliminary sample analysis, 172 ships
UW Ballast Water

25. UW Ballast Water

26. UW Ballast Water

27. Ballast water zooplankton samples per month 2006 (n=76) and 2007 (n=96)
UW Ballast Water

28. Number of boardings by ship type (2006 - 2007)
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29. Number of boardings by source country (2006 - 2007)
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30. % and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms (2006 - 2007) (n=133, others in process)
UW Ballast Water

31. % and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms (2006 and 2007) - CA as BW source (n=45)
UW Ballast Water

32. Oithona davisae Most commonly discharged non-indigenous zooplankton from sampled vessels ( data)
All ships sampled
Estimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship
Geometric mean
1.47E+05
Mean
1.35E+07
Standard Error
8.33E+06
Median
1.99E+05
Standard Deviation
6.40E+07
Minimum
Maximum
4.38E+08
Count 59
frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples)
47.4%
Ships with CA as BW source
Estimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship
Geometric Mean
1.37E+05
Mean
2.66E+07
Standard Error
1.67E+07
Median
3.11E+05
Standard Deviation
9.01E+07
Minimum
Maximum
4.38E+08
Count 29
frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples)
73.3%
UW Ballast Water

33. Conclusions from Puget Sound Ship Sampling (Cordell et. al in press)
Despite Washington State regulations requiring oceanic exchange (OE), ships had high densities and/or percentages of NIS and/or coastal species.
Densities of both NIS and coastal taxa, and percentages of NIS were consistently and significantly higher from domestic trips; lower in samples from transpacific trips.
Domestic trips dominated by tankers carrying ballast water from California.
International trips dominated by container ships and bulk carriers with ballast from Japan, China, and South Korea.
UW Ballast Water

34. Comment 3 Proposed discharged standard will challenge technologies and testing protocols.
UW Ballast Water

35. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Discharge Standards
Size of organisms
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Washington
California
Canada
U.S.
S.1578
> 50 µm
< 10 m-3
Kill or remove 95% zooplankton
No detectable living organisms
< 0.1 m-3
10 to 50 µm
< 10 mL-1
Kill or remove 95% phytoplankton
< 10-2 mL-1
< 1 mL-1
UW Ballast Water

36. Public Health Microorganisms
Type of organism
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Washington
California
Canada
U.S.
S.1578
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae
1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU g-1 wet zooplankton
1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU g-1 wet zooplankton
< 1 CFU 100 mL-1; <1 CFU g-1 zoological sample
E. coli
250 CFU 100 mL-1
126 CFU 100 mL-1
250 CFU 100 mL-1
<126 CFU 100 mL-1
Intestinal enterococci
100 CFU 100 mL-1
33 CFU 100 mL-1
100 CFU 100 mL-1
< 33 CFU 100 mL-1
UW Ballast Water

37. Treatment Technologies
Chemical biocides
Ozone
Sodium hypochlorite
Chlorine dioxide
PERACLEAN® Ocean (peroxyacetic acid)
SeaKleen® (menadione, vitamin K3)
Advanced oxidation methods
Size separation
Filtration
Cyclonic separation
Physical methods
Ultraviolet light
Deoxygenation
Electrolysis
Heat
Combinations of treatment
Red = UW work
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38. “Scale Up” Process
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39. Comment 4 Don’t scale-up a screw-up
Comment 4 Don’t scale-up a screw-up. Comment 5 Do your homework before you install a treatment system on a ship.
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40. Upcoming Shipboard Tests
UW Ballast Water

41. Severn Trent De Nora BalPure Treatment System onboard the SeaRiver American Pride
STDN electrolytic sodium hypochlorite generator
Neutralization step before discharge
American Pride - tanker, petroleum product
Voyage: Port Everglades, FL (Miami) to Beaumont, TX
U.S. Coast Guard STEP
IMO - compatible tests (G8)
3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast uplift
3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast discharge
Samples collected from control and treatment ballast tanks during voyage
3 biological tests in 6 months
February, May, August 2008
UW Ballast Water

42. Concluding Comments
Ballast water exchange, as currently practiced, is releasing large numbers of non-indigenous and/or coastal organisms in Puget Sound.
Many potential treatment technologies being considered.
Limitations and positive attributes of each technology need to be evaluated.
Different technologies may be applicable to different vessel classes.
Many treatment technologies appear better than ballast water exchange (e.g., concentration of discharged organisms)
Scientists and engineers must work together in not only finding environmental problems, but also in providing solutions.
UW Ballast Water

43. Funding Acknowledgements
National Sea Grant Program
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Washington Sea Grant
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Industry
BP Oil Transportation
Severn Trent De Nora
MARENCO Technology Group
UW Ballast Water