Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

2.1. What is Diabetes? Name of PowerPoint Name of Course

Published byLesley Preston Modified over 5 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "2.1. What is Diabetes? Name of PowerPoint Name of Course"— Presentation transcript:

1 2.1. What is Diabetes? Name of PowerPoint Name of Course
Name of Lesson 2.1. What is Diabetes? Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

2 Key Terms Glucagon A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels. [Hormone released when glucose is low. Stimulates cells to break down glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar] Glucose Tolerance Test A test of the body’s ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especially to detect diabetes. Homeostasis The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes. Hormone A product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone. [A protein that helps to regulate homeostasis. Turns on and off processes in the body] Insulin A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. [Hormone released when glucose is high. Stimulates cells to take up glucose from the blood stream to lower blood sugar] Negative Feedback A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. [Reverses a change in the body to return to homeostasis. Ex- when glucose is high, insulin is released to facilitate glucose entering cells to lower glucose] Positive Feedback Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. [Accelerates a change to return body to homeostasis. Ex- In child birth, oxytocin is released to increase contractions] Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

3 2.1 Essential Questions Be sure you can answer these!
What is diabetes? How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes? How does the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes relate to how the body produces and uses insulin? What is the relationship between insulin and glucose? How does insulin assist with the movement of glucose into body cells? What is homeostasis? What does feedback refer to in the human body? How does the body regulate the level of blood glucose?

4 Homeostasis Internal stability within the body
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Homeostasis Internal stability within the body Metabolic processes occur within normal ranges Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

5 Homeostasis disrupted = disease or illness Example: Diabetes

6 Negative vs. Positive Feedback
The human body maintains homeostasis, a steady state, by monitoring changes in the internal and external environment and feeding this information back to the body so that it can make necessary change. The control of body temperature, heart rate, and the concentration of sugar in the blood are all regulated by these feedback mechanisms or feedback loops. Positive feedback causes a reinforcement of the original action, so the input causes the reaction to increase. Negative feedback causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take no action or to perform an opposite action.

7 What is Insulin? Very Important Protein (hormone)
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Very Important Protein (hormone) Regulates glucose entering cells Created by the Pancreas Controls blood sugar by lowering glucose levels in the blood during hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

8 How Does Insulin Help Glucose Enter the Cells?
After eating, the glucose levels increase in the bloodstream. Insulin is released from the pancreas. Insulin attaches to insulin receptors on the cell membrane. This sends a message to the glucose transporters (glut4) inside the cell to attach its channel proteins into the cell membrane. Glucose then enters the cell through these transport proteins.

9 What is Glucagon? Very Important Protein (hormone)
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Very Important Protein (hormone) Regulates catabolism (break down) of glycogen (polysaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharide) Created by the Pancreas Controls blood sugar by raising glucose levels during hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

10 What are Glucose and Glycogen?
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Glucose is a carbohydrate (aka- sugar) that is the cell’s source of energy. Glucose is broken down to make ATP Glycogen is stored glucose, made up of many glucose linked together by chemical bonds. When the cell has utilized the glucose it needs for energy, the remainder is immediately stored as glycogen. Glycogen is stored in liver and muscle cells When glycogen stores are full, THEN we store remaining glucose as fat. The body may utilize glucose to synthesize muscle or fat Glycogen is a polysaccharide (many sugars), while glucose is a monosaccharide (single sugar) Polymer (chain of repeating subunits)- starch/polysaccharide Monomer (single subunit) - simple sugar/monosaccharide Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

11 So what if there’s no insulin?
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson So what if there’s no insulin? Without insulin, cells can’t take in glucose. Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

12 So what if cells don’t get glucose?
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson So what if cells don’t get glucose? Without glucose, cells have no source of energy Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

13 Insulin-Deficient Diabetes
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Type 1 Diabetes Insulin-Deficient Diabetes Pancreas does not make insulin Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

14 Type 1 Diabetes Mostly in children (old name: Juvenile Diabetes)
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Type 1 Diabetes Mostly in children (old name: Juvenile Diabetes) Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

15 Insulin-Resistant Diabetes
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Type 2 Diabetes Insulin-Resistant Diabetes Cells become resistant to insulin (it doesn’t work anymore) Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

16 Type 2 Diabetes Mostly in adults (old name: Adult Onset Diabetes)
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Mostly in adults (old name: Adult Onset Diabetes) Unfortunately, it has become more common in children as well. Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

17 Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson So What? If the cell becomes resistant to insulin (type 2 diabetes) it has the same effect as if there was not insulin present BOTH: Cells can’t take in glucose, resulting in too much sugar in blood Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

18 What We’ll Do to Understand Diabetes…
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson What We’ll Do to Understand Diabetes… Look at role of: Food Macromolecules Metabolism Feedback loops Blood sugar concentration Insulin Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

19 Glucose tolerance testing
Examples: Solid line: glucose is high and remains high for several minutes after drinking the glucose solution. This patient has diabetes. We cannot tell what type yet, we would have to do insulin testing to determine this. Dotted line: glucose goes up immediately after drinking the glucose solution and then goes down shortly afterward. This patient does not have diabetes because insulin is bringing their blood glucose levels down, like it should.

20 Insulin Testing: No Diabetes
Glucose levels remain low while insulin levels are high . After drinking the glucose solution, insulin increases to keep the glucose levels low in the bloodstream OR Glucose and insulin levels rise and fall at the same rate, bringing glucose back to normal levels

21 Insulin Testing: Type 1 Diabetes
High Glucose, very low and no increase to insulin levels. Insulin is not being made in type 1 diabetes.

22 Insulin Testing: Type 2 Diabetes
Glucose and insulin are both high. The insulin is being made, but the cells do not know how to use it. Therefore, the insulin is not helping lower the blood sugar because it is not allowing the cells to take in the excess glucose.

23 Did You Know… 50% of diabetics will have heart disease
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Did You Know… 50% of diabetics will have heart disease Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

24 Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Did You Know… 12% of diabetics will suffer serious vision loss early on Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

25 Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Did You Know… 75% of diabetics will suffer serious vision loss after 15 years Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

26 Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson Did You Know… 1/10 of U.S. health care dollars are spent to treat diabetes Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

27 The Good News Better treatments Earlier diagnosis
Name of PowerPoint Name of Course Name of Lesson The Good News Better treatments Earlier diagnosis Proactive early intervention techniques New Research But: There is no cure. Yet! Project Lead The Way© Copyright 2005

Download ppt "2.1. What is Diabetes? Name of PowerPoint Name of Course"

Similar presentations

All about the Pancreas. A.You start by eating a meal containing carbohydrates. B.These carbohydrates are turned into glucose. The glucose is absorbed.

All about the Pancreas. A.You start by eating a meal containing carbohydrates. B.These carbohydrates are turned into glucose. The glucose is absorbed.
Blood glucose levels and Vascular Disease. Chronic elevation of blood glucose levels leads to the endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal.

Blood glucose levels and Vascular Disease. Chronic elevation of blood glucose levels leads to the endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal.
Control of Blood Sugar Diabetes Mellitus. Maintaining Glucose Homeostasis Goal is to maintain blood sugar levels between ~ 70 and 110 mg/dL Two hormones.

Control of Blood Sugar Diabetes Mellitus. Maintaining Glucose Homeostasis Goal is to maintain blood sugar levels between ~ 70 and 110 mg/dL Two hormones.
Control of blood sugar levels By: Jake Baird and Nick Mulligan.

Control of blood sugar levels By: Jake Baird and Nick Mulligan.
Body temperature and blood glucose. Control of body temperature The hypothalamus of the brain monitors temperature of the blood and compares it with a.

Body temperature and blood glucose. Control of body temperature The hypothalamus of the brain monitors temperature of the blood and compares it with a.
Objectives Students should learn: How and why your blood sugar rises and falls that the pancreas monitors and controls the level of glucose in the blood.

Objectives Students should learn: How and why your blood sugar rises and falls that the pancreas monitors and controls the level of glucose in the blood.
MACROMOLECULES AND DIABETES. Why do we eat? To take in energy Is that energy immediately available? No!

MACROMOLECULES AND DIABETES. Why do we eat? To take in energy Is that energy immediately available? No!
2.1 Diagnosing Diabetes Quiz Review.

2.1 Diagnosing Diabetes Quiz Review.
Homeostasis and Feedback in the Body

Homeostasis and Feedback in the Body
Interactions between the Liver and Pancreas. Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and α and β.

Interactions between the Liver and Pancreas. Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and α and β.
Jovonne Carr Cheyenne Hockenhull

Jovonne Carr Cheyenne Hockenhull
GLUCOSE.

GLUCOSE.
Nutrition and Metabolism Negative Feedback System Pancreas: Hormones in Balance Insulin & Glucagon Hormones that affect the level of sugar in the blood.

Nutrition and Metabolism Negative Feedback System Pancreas: Hormones in Balance Insulin & Glucagon Hormones that affect the level of sugar in the blood.
Blood Glucose Lab. Review of Biochemistry Glucose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar). Respiration – a process in cells where glucose is broken down for.

Blood Glucose Lab. Review of Biochemistry Glucose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar). Respiration – a process in cells where glucose is broken down for.
By Christine Richardson and Catherine Boynton.  Hormones are chemical messengers  Secreted into the blood by endocrine organs  Chemical substances.

By Christine Richardson and Catherine Boynton.  Hormones are chemical messengers  Secreted into the blood by endocrine organs  Chemical substances.
Regulation of insulin levels Starter: what do each of the following cells produce and are they part of the endocrine or exocrine system; –α cells –β cells.

Regulation of insulin levels Starter: what do each of the following cells produce and are they part of the endocrine or exocrine system; –α cells –β cells.
How is blood glucose regulated by negative feedback regulation? By hormones Made by endocrine gland- Pancreas.

How is blood glucose regulated by negative feedback regulation? By hormones Made by endocrine gland- Pancreas.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), also known simply as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), also known simply as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
* When we eat food, especially carbohydrates, the body converts that food into the preferred source of cellular energy, glucose.

* When we eat food, especially carbohydrates, the body converts that food into the preferred source of cellular energy, glucose.
Pancreas Pancreas is a glandular organ located beneath the stomach in the abdominal cavity. Connected to the small intestine at the duodenum. Functions.

Pancreas Pancreas is a glandular organ located beneath the stomach in the abdominal cavity. Connected to the small intestine at the duodenum. Functions.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google