1. Mutations Mutations are changes in DNA.
Gene Alterations are mutations that change a gene.
Mutations in gamete cells affect future generations.
Mutations

2. Types of Mutations Point mutation – a change in a single nucleotide
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Frame shift mutation – a change in an entire gene

3. Mutations

5. What type of mutation is this??

6. Cell Differentiation
Cell differentiation – when a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell
Example analogy
……like a regular doctor becoming a heart surgeon
The Doctor is going from a general type to a more specific type

7. Stem cells are cells that have not yet become a specific type of cell
Stem cells are cells that have not yet become a specific type of cell. They can be any type of cell!
They have not differentiated, therefore they are great for research. Scientists can turn them into any cell they want!

8. Gene expression leads to cell differentiation
How do these cells differentiate structurally and functionally, in spite of having the same genetic information?
Gene expression leads to cell differentiation

9. Gene Expression
Gene expression – the process by which information from a gene (in DNA) is used in making the appropriate proteins for that gene to be expressed in the organism
*to be expressed means that it is visible or present in the organism

10. When are genes expressed?
A gene is expressed only when it is transcribed
Not all of the genes in an organism’s DNA are expressed all of the time

11. Think about it……
What might occur if an eyeball cell gene were expressed in the heart?
Why could this be a problem, and why would it be important to regulate gene expression?